20160427 리눅스 관리자
모의해킹 침해대응 전문가 과정 / 2016. 4. 28. 02:44
===========================================메모===========================================
반장 바뀜, 카페 안하기로 함
유연하게 즐기면서 할 것
유연하게 즐기면서 할 것
vimrc 설정 해놨음
정보보안기사 주말에 특강식으로 1-2주정도
===========================================복습===========================================
7. Software Admin
rpm CMD
(rpm 패키지 다운로드 사이트)
http://rpmfind.net
http://rpm.pbone.net
ftp://ftp.daum.net
(rpm 설치)
# rpm -(ivh|Fvh|Uvh) [--nodeps] pkg.rpm
(rpm 정보 확인)
# rpm -qa | grep pkg (# rpm -q pkg)
# rpm -qi pkg
# rpm -qf /etc/passwd
# rpm -ql pkg
(rpm 삭제)
# rpm -e [--nodeps] pkg
yum CMD
(yum 패키지 설치)
# yum [-y] (install|update) pkg
# yum -y update
(yum 패키지 확인)
# yum list [installed|available]
# yum search pkg
# yum info pkg
(yum 패키지 삭제)
# yum (remove|erase) pkg
rpm CMD
(rpm 패키지 다운로드 사이트)
http://rpmfind.net
http://rpm.pbone.net
ftp://ftp.daum.net
(rpm 설치)
# rpm -(ivh|Fvh|Uvh) [--nodeps] pkg.rpm
(rpm 정보 확인)
# rpm -qa | grep pkg (# rpm -q pkg)
# rpm -qi pkg
# rpm -qf /etc/passwd
# rpm -ql pkg
(rpm 삭제)
# rpm -e [--nodeps] pkg
yum CMD
(yum 패키지 설치)
# yum [-y] (install|update) pkg
# yum -y update
(yum 패키지 확인)
# yum list [installed|available]
# yum search pkg
# yum info pkg
(yum 패키지 삭제)
# yum (remove|erase) pkg
===========================================강의===========================================
Source 관리
소스 다운로드(EX : PKG.tar.gz)
# tar xvzf PKG.tar.gz
# cd PKG
# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/apache2
# make
# make install
소스 다운로드(EX : PKG.tar.gz)
# tar xvzf PKG.tar.gz
# cd PKG
# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/apache2
# make
# make install
8. 부팅과정
(ㄱ) F/W 단계
- POST(Power On Self-Test)
- 부팅 순서
(ㄴ) Boot Loader 단계(Grub 단계)
- /boot/grub/grub.conf(/etc/grub.conf, /boot/grub/menu.lst)
- Kernel 실행, Initial RAM DISK
(ㄷ) Kernel 단계
- /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.18-164.el5
- /etc/sysctl.conf
- Kernel Modules(EX: Device Driver)
(lsmod, instmod, rmmod, modprobe)
(ㄹ) Init 단계
- /sbin/init(/etc/inittab)
- (a) initdefault(5) : 기본 런레벨 결정
- (b) /etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit 실행
- (c) /etc/rc5.d/S##script 실행
(ㄱ) F/W 단계
- POST(Power On Self-Test)
- 부팅 순서
(ㄴ) Boot Loader 단계(Grub 단계)
- /boot/grub/grub.conf(/etc/grub.conf, /boot/grub/menu.lst)
- Kernel 실행, Initial RAM DISK
(ㄷ) Kernel 단계
- /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.18-164.el5
- /etc/sysctl.conf
- Kernel Modules(EX: Device Driver)
(lsmod, instmod, rmmod, modprobe)
(ㄹ) Init 단계
- /sbin/init(/etc/inittab)
- (a) initdefault(5) : 기본 런레벨 결정
- (b) /etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit 실행
- (c) /etc/rc5.d/S##script 실행
(부팅) (현재) (현재)
/etc/rc5.d <---심볼릭---> /etc/init.d <---심볼릭---> /etc/rc.d/init.d
S##script script script
/etc/rc5.d <---심볼릭---> /etc/init.d <---심볼릭---> /etc/rc.d/init.d
S##script script script
(서비스 ON/OFF)
# chkconfig sshd on
# service sshd restart
[참고] ntsysv(setup), system-config-services(serviceconf), chkconfig
# chkconfig sshd on
# service sshd restart
[참고] ntsysv(setup), system-config-services(serviceconf), chkconfig
===========================================실습===========================================
[EX5] 운영체제 전체 업데이트
[root@linux220 ~]# uname -a
Linux linux220.example.com 2.6.18-194.el5 #1 SMP Fri Apr 2 14:58:35 EDT 2010 i686 athlon i386 GNU/Linux
[root@linux220 ~]# cat /etc/redhat-release
CentOS release 5.5 (Final)
[root@linux220 ~]# yum check-update
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
* addons: ftp.daumkakao.com
* base: ftp.daumkakao.com
* extras: ftp.daumkakao.com
* updates: ftp.daumkakao.com
addons | 1.9 kB 00:00
base | 1.1 kB 00:00
extras | 2.1 kB 00:00
updates | 1.9 kB 00:00
Linux linux220.example.com 2.6.18-194.el5 #1 SMP Fri Apr 2 14:58:35 EDT 2010 i686 athlon i386 GNU/Linux
[root@linux220 ~]# cat /etc/redhat-release
CentOS release 5.5 (Final)
[root@linux220 ~]# yum check-update
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
* addons: ftp.daumkakao.com
* base: ftp.daumkakao.com
* extras: ftp.daumkakao.com
* updates: ftp.daumkakao.com
addons | 1.9 kB 00:00
base | 1.1 kB 00:00
extras | 2.1 kB 00:00
updates | 1.9 kB 00:00
Deployment_Guide-ko-KR.noarch 5.8-1.el5.centos base
ImageMagick.i386 6.2.8.0-15.el5_8 base
NetworkManager.i386 1:0.7.0-13.el5 base
NetworkManager-glib.i386 1:0.7.0-13.el5 base
NetworkManager-gnome.i386 1:0.7.0-13.el5 base
PyXML.i386 0.8.4-6.el5 base
SDL.i386 1.2.10-9.el5 base
SysVinit.i386 2.86-17.el5 base
acl.i386 2.2.39-8.el5 base
acpid.i386 1.0.4-12.el5 base
alsa-utils.i386 1.0.17-7.el5 base
amtu.i386 1.0.6-2.el5 base
apr.i386 1.2.7-11.el5_6.5 base
apr-util.i386 1.2.7-11.el5_5.2 base
aspell.i386 12:0.60.3-13 base
aspell-en.i386 50:6.0-3 base
at.i386 3.1.8-84.el5_11.1 updates
audit.i386 1.8-2.el5 base
audit-libs.i386 1.8-2.el5 base
audit-libs-python.i386 1.8-2.el5 base
authconfig.i386 5.3.21-7.el5 base
authconfig-gtk.i386 5.3.21-7.el5 base
autofs.i386 1:5.0.1-0.rc2.184.el5 base
avahi.i386 0.6.16-10.el5_6 base
avahi-compat-libdns_sd.i386 0.6.16-10.el5_6 base
avahi-glib.i386 0.6.16-10.el5_6 base
bash.i386 3.2-33.el5_11.4 updates
bind.i386 30:9.3.6-25.P1.el5_11.8 updates
bind-chroot.i386 30:9.3.6-25.P1.el5_11.8 updates
bind-libs.i386 30:9.3.6-25.P1.el5_11.8 updates
bind-utils.i386 30:9.3.6-25.P1.el5_11.8 updates
binutils.i386 2.17.50.0.6-26.el5 base
busybox.i386 1:1.2.0-14.el5.centos base
bzip2.i386 1.0.3-6.el5_5 base
bzip2-libs.i386 1.0.3-6.el5_5 base
ccid.i386 1.3.8-2.el5 base
cdparanoia.i386 alpha9.8-28 base
cdparanoia-libs.i386 alpha9.8-28 base
centos-release.i386 10:5-11.el5.centos base
centos-release-notes.i386 5.11-0 base
comps-extras.noarch 11.4-1.el5.centos base
coolkey.i386 1.1.0-17.el5 base
coreutils.i386 5.97-34.el5_8.1 base
cpio.i386 2.6-26.el5 base
cpuspeed.i386 1:1.2.1-11.el5_10 base
crash.i386 5.1.8-3.el5.centos updates
crontabs.noarch 1.10-11.el5 base
cryptsetup-luks.i386 1.0.3-8.el5 base
cups.i386 1:1.3.7-32.el5_11 updates
cups-libs.i386 1:1.3.7-32.el5_11 updates
curl.i386 7.15.5-17.el5_9 base
cyrus-sasl.i386 2.1.22-7.el5_8.1 base
cyrus-sasl-lib.i386 2.1.22-7.el5_8.1 base
cyrus-sasl-md5.i386 2.1.22-7.el5_8.1 base
cyrus-sasl-plain.i386 2.1.22-7.el5_8.1 base
db4.i386 4.3.29-10.el5_5.2 base
dbus.i386 1.1.2-21.el5 base
dbus-glib.i386 0.73-11.el5_9 base
dbus-libs.i386 1.1.2-21.el5 base
dbus-x11.i386 1.1.2-21.el5 base
device-mapper.i386 1.02.67-2.el5_11.1 updates
device-mapper-event.i386 1.02.67-2.el5_11.1 updates
device-mapper-multipath.i386 0.4.7-64.el5_11 updates
dhclient.i386 12:3.0.5-33.el5_9 base
dhcpv6-client.i386 1.0.10-22.el5_11 updates
diffutils.i386 2.8.1-16.el5 base
dmidecode.i386 1:2.12-1.el5 base
dmraid.i386 1.0.0.rc13-65.el5 base
dmraid-events.i386 1.0.0.rc13-65.el5 base
dovecot.i386 1.0.7-9.el5_11.4 updates
dump.i386 0.4b41-6.el5 base
e2fsprogs.i386 1.39-37.el5 base
e2fsprogs-libs.i386 1.39-37.el5 base
ecryptfs-utils.i386 75-8.el5 base
elinks.i386 0.11.1-8.el5_9 base
esc.i386 1.1.0-14.el5.centos.1 base
esound.i386 1:0.2.36-4 base
evince.i386 0.6.0-17.el5 base
expat.i386 1.95.8-11.el5_8 base
fetchmail.i386 6.3.6-4.el5 base
file.i386 4.17-28 base
filesystem.i386 2.4.0-3.el5.centos base
finger.i386 0.17-33 base
firefox.i386 38.7.0-1.el5.centos updates
firstboot.i386 1.4.27.9-1.el5.centos base
firstboot-tui.i386 1.4.27.9-1.el5.centos base
foomatic.i386 3.0.2-38.3.el5_7.1 base
freetype.i386 2.2.1-32.el5_9.1 base
ftp.i386 0.17-38.el5 base
gamin.i386 0.1.7-10.el5 base
gamin-python.i386 0.1.7-10.el5 base
gawk.i386 3.1.5-16.el5 base
gdbm.i386 1.8.0-28.el5 base
gdm.i386 1:2.16.0-59.el5.centos.1 base
gettext.i386 0.17-1.el5 base
ghostscript.i386 8.70-15.el5_9.3 base
giflib.i386 4.1.3-7.3.3.el5 base
gimp.i386 2:2.2.13-3.el5_10 base
gimp-libs.i386 2:2.2.13-3.el5_10 base
glx-utils.i386 6.5.1-7.11.el5_9 base
gnome-python2-extras.i386 2.14.2-7.el5 base
gnome-python2-gtkhtml2.i386 2.14.2-7.el5 base
gnome-python2-libegg.i386 2.14.2-7.el5 base
gnome-screensaver.i386 2.16.1-8.el5_7.5 base
gnome-session.i386 2.16.0-10.el5 base
gnome-system-monitor.i386 2.16.0-4.el5 base
gnome-terminal.i386 2.16.0-5.3.el5_6.1 base
gnome-vfs2.i386 2.16.2-12.el5_9 base
gnome-vfs2-smb.i386 2.16.2-12.el5_9 base
gnupg.i386 1.4.5-18.el5_10.1 base
gnutls.i386 1.4.1-16.el5_10 base
groff.i386 1.18.1.1-13.el5 base
grub.i386 0.97-13.11.el5_10.1 base
gtk2.i386 2.10.4-30.el5 base
gzip.i386 1.3.5-13.el5.centos base
hmaccalc.i386 0.9.6-4.el5 base
hpijs.i386 1:1.6.7-6.el5_6.1 base
hplip.i386 1.6.7-6.el5_6.1 base
hsqldb.i386 1:1.8.0.9-1jpp.3 base
httpd.i386 2.2.3-91.el5.centos base
httpd-manual.i386 2.2.3-91.el5.centos base
hwdata.noarch 0.213.30-1.el5 base
ifd-egate.i386 0.05-17.el5 base
initscripts.i386 8.45.45-1.el5.centos base
iproute.i386 2.6.18-15.el5 base
ipsec-tools.i386 0.6.5-14.el5_8.5 base
iptables.i386 1.3.5-9.2.el5_8 base
iptables-ipv6.i386 1.3.5-9.2.el5_8 base
irqbalance.i386 2:0.55-16.el5_11 updates
jpackage-utils.noarch 1.7.3-1jpp.3.el5 base
jwhois.i386 3.2.3-12.el5 base
kbd.i386 1.12-22.el5 base
kernel.i686 2.6.18-409.el5 updates
kexec-tools.i386 1.102pre-165.el5 base
kpartx.i386 0.4.7-64.el5_11 updates
krb5-libs.i386 1.6.1-80.el5_11 updates
krb5-workstation.i386 1.6.1-80.el5_11 updates
ksh.i386 20100621-24.el5_11 updates
kudzu.i386 1.2.57.1.26-7.el5.centos base
less.i386 436-9.el5 base
lftp.i386 3.7.11-8.el5 base
libX11.i386 1.0.3-11.el5_7.1 base
libXcursor.i386 1.1.7-1.2 base
libXfont.i386 1.2.2-1.0.6.el5_11 updates
libacl.i386 2.2.39-8.el5 base
libbonobo.i386 2.16.0-1.1.el5_5.1 base
libexif.i386 0.6.21-1.el5_8 base
libgcj.i386 4.1.2-55.el5 base
libgcrypt.i386 1.4.4-7.el5_10 base
libhugetlbfs.i386 1.3-8.2.el5 base
libicu.i386 3.6-5.16.1 base
libjpeg.i386 6b-38 base
libpng.i386 2:1.2.10-17.el5_8 base
libpurple.i386 2.6.6-32.el5 base
libsane-hpaio.i386 1.6.7-6.el5_6.1 base
libsmbclient.i386 3.0.33-3.41.el5_11 updates
libstdc++.i386 4.1.2-55.el5 base
libsysfs.i386 2.1.0-1.el5 base
libtiff.i386 3.8.2-19.el5_10 base
libusb.i386 0.1.12-6.el5 base
libuser.i386 0.54.7-3.el5 base
libvolume_id.i386 095-14.33.el5_11 updates
libvorbis.i386 1:1.1.2-3.el5_7.6 base
libwpd.i386 0.8.7-3.1.el5_8 base
libxml2.i386 2.6.26-2.1.25.el5_11 updates
libxml2-python.i386 2.6.26-2.1.25.el5_11 updates
libxslt.i386 1.1.17-4.el5_8.3 base
libxslt-python.i386 1.1.17-4.el5_8.3 base
linuxwacom.i386 0.7.8.3-11.2.el5_8 base
logrotate.i386 3.7.4-14 base
logwatch.noarch 7.3-10.el5 base
lsof.i386 4.78-6 base
lvm2.i386 2.02.88-13.el5 base
m2crypto.i386 0.16-9.el5 base
man.i386 1.6d-3.el5 base
man-pages.noarch 2.39-20.el5 base
mdadm.i386 2.6.9-5.el5 base
mesa-libGL.i386 6.5.1-7.11.el5_9 base
mesa-libGLU.i386 6.5.1-7.11.el5_9 base
metacity.i386 2.16.0-16.el5 base
microcode_ctl.i386 2:1.17-7.el5 base
mkinitrd.i386 5.1.19.6-82.el5 base
mktemp.i386 3:1.5-24.el5 base
mod_python.i386 3.2.8-4.el5 base
mod_ssl.i386 1:2.2.3-91.el5.centos base
module-init-tools.i386 3.3-0.pre3.1.63.el5 base
mutt.i386 5:1.4.2.2-6.el5 base
mysql.i386 5.0.95-5.el5_9 base
nash.i386 5.1.19.6-82.el5 base
nautilus.i386 2.16.2-10.el5 base
nautilus-extensions.i386 2.16.2-10.el5 base
net-snmp-libs.i386 1:5.3.2.2-25.el5_11 updates
net-tools.i386 1.60-83.el5_10 base
netpbm.i386 10.35.58-10.el5 base
netpbm-progs.i386 10.35.58-10.el5 base
nfs-utils.i386 1:1.0.9-71.el5_11 updates
nfs-utils-lib.i386 1.0.8-7.9.el5 base
nspluginwrapper.i386 1.3.0-9.el5 base
nspr.i386 4.11.0-1.el5_11 updates
nss.i386 3.21.0-6.el5_11 updates
nss-tools.i386 3.21.0-6.el5_11 updates
nss_db.i386 2.2-38.el5_11 updates
nss_ldap.i386 253-52.el5_11.2 updates
ntp.i386 4.2.2p1-18.el5.centos updates
numactl.i386 0.9.8-12.el5_6 base
oddjob.i386 0.27-12.el5 base
oddjob-libs.i386 0.27-12.el5 base
openldap.i386 2.3.43-29.el5_11 updates
openoffice.org-calc.i386 1:3.1.1-19.10.el5_8.4 base
openoffice.org-core.i386 1:3.1.1-19.10.el5_8.4 base
openoffice.org-draw.i386 1:3.1.1-19.10.el5_8.4 base
openoffice.org-graphicfilter.i386 1:3.1.1-19.10.el5_8.4 base
openoffice.org-impress.i386 1:3.1.1-19.10.el5_8.4 base
openoffice.org-langpack-ko_KR.i386 1:3.1.1-19.10.el5_8.4 base
openoffice.org-math.i386 1:3.1.1-19.10.el5_8.4 base
openoffice.org-ure.i386 1:3.1.1-19.10.el5_8.4 base
openoffice.org-writer.i386 1:3.1.1-19.10.el5_8.4 base
openoffice.org-xsltfilter.i386 1:3.1.1-19.10.el5_8.4 base
openssh.i386 4.3p2-82.el5 base
openssh-askpass.i386 4.3p2-82.el5 base
openssh-clients.i386 4.3p2-82.el5 base
openssh-server.i386 4.3p2-82.el5 base
openssl.i686 0.9.8e-39.el5_11 updates
pam.i386 0.99.6.2-14.el5_11 updates
pam_krb5.i386 2.2.14-22.el5 base
pam_pkcs11.i386 0.5.3-26.el5 base
pango.i386 1.14.9-8.el5.centos.3 base
paps.i386 0.6.6-20.el5 base
parted.i386 1.8.1-30.el5 base
passwd.i386 0.73-2 base
patch.i386 2.5.4-31.el5 base
pciutils.i386 3.1.7-5.el5 base
pcre.i386 6.6-9.el5 base
pcsc-lite.i386 1.4.4-4.el5_5 base
pcsc-lite-libs.i386 1.4.4-4.el5_5 base
perl.i386 4:5.8.8-43.el5_11 updates
perl-Archive-Tar.noarch 1:1.39.1-1.el5_5.2 base
perl-IO-Socket-SSL.noarch 1.01-2.el5 base
pirut.noarch 1.3.28-20.el5.centos base
pm-utils.i386 0.99.3-14.el5 base
policycoreutils.i386 1.33.12-14.13.el5 base
poppler.i386 0.5.4-19.el5_9.2 base
poppler-utils.i386 0.5.4-19.el5_9.2 base
popt.i386 1.10.2.3-36.el5_11 updates
postgresql-libs.i386 8.1.23-10.el5_10 base
procmail.i386 3.22-17.1.2.el5_10 updates
procps.i386 3.2.7-26.el5 base
psmisc.i386 22.2-11 base
python.i386 2.4.3-56.el5 base
python-iniparse.noarch 0.2.3-6.el5 base
python-numeric.i386 23.7-2.2.2.el5_6.1 base
python-urlgrabber.noarch 3.1.0-6.el5 base
pyxf86config.i386 0.3.31-3.el5 base
qt.i386 1:3.3.6-26.el5 base
quota.i386 1:3.13-8.el5 base
redhat-lsb.i386 4.0-2.1.4.el5 base
rhpl.i386 0.194.1-2 base
rhpxl.i386 0.41.1-12.el5 base
rmt.i386 0.4b41-6.el5 base
rng-utils.i386 1:2.0-5.el5 base
rp-pppoe.i386 3.5-33.el5 base
rpm.i386 4.4.2.3-36.el5_11 updates
rpm-libs.i386 4.4.2.3-36.el5_11 updates
rpm-python.i386 4.4.2.3-36.el5_11 updates
rsh.i386 0.17-40.el5_7.1 base
rsync.i386 3.0.6-6.el5_11 updates
sabayon.i386 2.12.4-9.el5 base
sabayon-apply.i386 2.12.4-9.el5 base
samba.i386 3.0.33-3.41.el5_11 updates
samba-client.i386 3.0.33-3.41.el5_11 updates
samba-common.i386 3.0.33-3.41.el5_11 updates
scim.i386 1.4.4-44.el5 base
scim-bridge.i386 0.4.5-11.el5 base
scim-bridge-gtk.i386 0.4.5-11.el5 base
scim-libs.i386 1.4.4-44.el5 base
sed.i386 4.1.5-8.el5 base
selinux-policy.noarch 2.4.6-351.el5 base
selinux-policy-targeted.noarch 2.4.6-351.el5 base
sendmail.i386 8.13.8-10.el5_11 updates
sendmail-cf.i386 8.13.8-10.el5_11 updates
setroubleshoot.noarch 2.0.5-7.el5_11 updates
setroubleshoot-server.noarch 2.0.5-7.el5_11 updates
setup.noarch 2.5.58-9.el5 base
shadow-utils.i386 2:4.0.17-23.el5 base
smartmontools.i386 1:5.42-2.el5 base
sos.noarch 1.7-9.73.el5.centos base
sox.i386 12.18.1-1.el5_5.1 base
spamassassin.i386 3.3.1-4.el5 base
specspo.noarch 13-4.el5.centos base
sqlite.i386 3.3.6-7 base
squid.i386 7:2.6.STABLE21-7.el5_10 updates
stunnel.i386 4.15-2.el5.2 updates
sudo.i386 1.7.2p1-29.el5_10 base
symlinks.i386 1.2-26.el5 base
sysfsutils.i386 2.1.0-1.el5 base
syslinux.i386 4.02-7.2.el5 base
system-config-date.noarch 1.8.12-5.el5.centos base
system-config-display.noarch 1.0.48-4.el5 base
system-config-kdump.noarch 1.0.14-5.el5_9 base
system-config-lvm.noarch 1.1.5-14.el5 base
system-config-network.noarch 1.3.99.23-1.el5 base
system-config-network-tui.noarch 1.3.99.23-1.el5 base
system-config-nfs.noarch 1.3.23-2.el5 base
system-config-printer.i386 0.7.32.10-3.el5 base
system-config-printer-libs.i386 0.7.32.10-3.el5 base
system-config-securitylevel.i386 1.6.29.1-6.el5 base
system-config-securitylevel-tui.i386 1.6.29.1-6.el5 base
system-config-users.noarch 1.2.51-7.el5 base
talk.i386 0.17-31.el5 base
tar.i386 2:1.15.1-32.el5_8 base
tcl.i386 8.4.13-6.el5 base
tcsh.i386 6.14-17.el5_5.2 base
telnet.i386 1:0.17-41.el5 base
tmpwatch.i386 2.9.7-1.1.el5.5 base
totem.i386 2.16.7-7.el5_6.1 base
traceroute.i386 3:2.0.1-6.el5 base
tzdata.i386 2016d-1.el5 updates
udev.i386 095-14.33.el5_11 updates
util-linux.i386 2.13-0.59.el5_8 base
vim-common.i386 2:7.0.109-7.2.el5 base
vim-enhanced.i386 2:7.0.109-7.2.el5 base
vim-minimal.i386 2:7.0.109-7.2.el5 base
vino.i386 2.13.5-10.el5_10 base
vixie-cron.i386 4:4.1-81.el5 base
vnc-server.i386 4.1.2-14.el5_6.6 base
vsftpd.i386 2.0.5-28.el5 base
wdaemon.i386 0.14-8 base
wget.i386 1.11.4-3.el5_8.2 base
wpa_supplicant.i386 1:0.5.10-10.el5 base
xalan-j2.i386 2.7.0-6jpp.2 base
xinetd.i386 2:2.3.14-20.el5_10 base
xkeyboard-config.noarch 0.8-10.el5 base
xorg-x11-drv-ati.i386 6.6.3-3.35.el5 base
xorg-x11-drv-i810.i386 1.6.5-9.40.el5 base
xorg-x11-drv-mga.i386 1.4.13-5.el5 base
xorg-x11-drv-nv.i386 2.1.15-4.el5 base
xorg-x11-drv-qxl.i386 0.0.12-2.el5 base
xorg-x11-drv-sis.i386 0.9.1-7.3.el5_7.1 base
xorg-x11-drv-vesa.i386 1.3.0-8.3.el5 base
xorg-x11-font-utils.i386 1:7.1-3 base
xorg-x11-server-Xnest.i386 1.1.1-48.107.el5.centos updates
xorg-x11-server-Xorg.i386 1.1.1-48.107.el5.centos updates
xorg-x11-server-utils.i386 7.1-5.el5_6.2 base
xorg-x11-xfs.i386 1:1.0.2-5.el5_6.1 base
xulrunner.i386 17.0.10-1.el5_10 base
yelp.i386 2.16.0-30.el5_9 base
yp-tools.i386 2.9-2.el5 base
ypbind.i386 3:1.19-12.el5_6.1 base
yum.noarch 3.2.22-40.el5.centos base
yum-fastestmirror.noarch 1.1.16-21.el5.centos base
yum-metadata-parser.i386 1.1.2-4.el5 base
yum-updatesd.noarch 1:0.9-6.el5_10 base
zlib.i386 1.2.3-7.el5 base
Obsoleting Packages
firefox.i386 38.7.0-1.el5.centos updates
firefox.i386 3.0.18-1.el5.centos installed
ImageMagick.i386 6.2.8.0-15.el5_8 base
NetworkManager.i386 1:0.7.0-13.el5 base
NetworkManager-glib.i386 1:0.7.0-13.el5 base
NetworkManager-gnome.i386 1:0.7.0-13.el5 base
PyXML.i386 0.8.4-6.el5 base
SDL.i386 1.2.10-9.el5 base
SysVinit.i386 2.86-17.el5 base
acl.i386 2.2.39-8.el5 base
acpid.i386 1.0.4-12.el5 base
alsa-utils.i386 1.0.17-7.el5 base
amtu.i386 1.0.6-2.el5 base
apr.i386 1.2.7-11.el5_6.5 base
apr-util.i386 1.2.7-11.el5_5.2 base
aspell.i386 12:0.60.3-13 base
aspell-en.i386 50:6.0-3 base
at.i386 3.1.8-84.el5_11.1 updates
audit.i386 1.8-2.el5 base
audit-libs.i386 1.8-2.el5 base
audit-libs-python.i386 1.8-2.el5 base
authconfig.i386 5.3.21-7.el5 base
authconfig-gtk.i386 5.3.21-7.el5 base
autofs.i386 1:5.0.1-0.rc2.184.el5 base
avahi.i386 0.6.16-10.el5_6 base
avahi-compat-libdns_sd.i386 0.6.16-10.el5_6 base
avahi-glib.i386 0.6.16-10.el5_6 base
bash.i386 3.2-33.el5_11.4 updates
bind.i386 30:9.3.6-25.P1.el5_11.8 updates
bind-chroot.i386 30:9.3.6-25.P1.el5_11.8 updates
bind-libs.i386 30:9.3.6-25.P1.el5_11.8 updates
bind-utils.i386 30:9.3.6-25.P1.el5_11.8 updates
binutils.i386 2.17.50.0.6-26.el5 base
busybox.i386 1:1.2.0-14.el5.centos base
bzip2.i386 1.0.3-6.el5_5 base
bzip2-libs.i386 1.0.3-6.el5_5 base
ccid.i386 1.3.8-2.el5 base
cdparanoia.i386 alpha9.8-28 base
cdparanoia-libs.i386 alpha9.8-28 base
centos-release.i386 10:5-11.el5.centos base
centos-release-notes.i386 5.11-0 base
comps-extras.noarch 11.4-1.el5.centos base
coolkey.i386 1.1.0-17.el5 base
coreutils.i386 5.97-34.el5_8.1 base
cpio.i386 2.6-26.el5 base
cpuspeed.i386 1:1.2.1-11.el5_10 base
crash.i386 5.1.8-3.el5.centos updates
crontabs.noarch 1.10-11.el5 base
cryptsetup-luks.i386 1.0.3-8.el5 base
cups.i386 1:1.3.7-32.el5_11 updates
cups-libs.i386 1:1.3.7-32.el5_11 updates
curl.i386 7.15.5-17.el5_9 base
cyrus-sasl.i386 2.1.22-7.el5_8.1 base
cyrus-sasl-lib.i386 2.1.22-7.el5_8.1 base
cyrus-sasl-md5.i386 2.1.22-7.el5_8.1 base
cyrus-sasl-plain.i386 2.1.22-7.el5_8.1 base
db4.i386 4.3.29-10.el5_5.2 base
dbus.i386 1.1.2-21.el5 base
dbus-glib.i386 0.73-11.el5_9 base
dbus-libs.i386 1.1.2-21.el5 base
dbus-x11.i386 1.1.2-21.el5 base
device-mapper.i386 1.02.67-2.el5_11.1 updates
device-mapper-event.i386 1.02.67-2.el5_11.1 updates
device-mapper-multipath.i386 0.4.7-64.el5_11 updates
dhclient.i386 12:3.0.5-33.el5_9 base
dhcpv6-client.i386 1.0.10-22.el5_11 updates
diffutils.i386 2.8.1-16.el5 base
dmidecode.i386 1:2.12-1.el5 base
dmraid.i386 1.0.0.rc13-65.el5 base
dmraid-events.i386 1.0.0.rc13-65.el5 base
dovecot.i386 1.0.7-9.el5_11.4 updates
dump.i386 0.4b41-6.el5 base
e2fsprogs.i386 1.39-37.el5 base
e2fsprogs-libs.i386 1.39-37.el5 base
ecryptfs-utils.i386 75-8.el5 base
elinks.i386 0.11.1-8.el5_9 base
esc.i386 1.1.0-14.el5.centos.1 base
esound.i386 1:0.2.36-4 base
evince.i386 0.6.0-17.el5 base
expat.i386 1.95.8-11.el5_8 base
fetchmail.i386 6.3.6-4.el5 base
file.i386 4.17-28 base
filesystem.i386 2.4.0-3.el5.centos base
finger.i386 0.17-33 base
firefox.i386 38.7.0-1.el5.centos updates
firstboot.i386 1.4.27.9-1.el5.centos base
firstboot-tui.i386 1.4.27.9-1.el5.centos base
foomatic.i386 3.0.2-38.3.el5_7.1 base
freetype.i386 2.2.1-32.el5_9.1 base
ftp.i386 0.17-38.el5 base
gamin.i386 0.1.7-10.el5 base
gamin-python.i386 0.1.7-10.el5 base
gawk.i386 3.1.5-16.el5 base
gdbm.i386 1.8.0-28.el5 base
gdm.i386 1:2.16.0-59.el5.centos.1 base
gettext.i386 0.17-1.el5 base
ghostscript.i386 8.70-15.el5_9.3 base
giflib.i386 4.1.3-7.3.3.el5 base
gimp.i386 2:2.2.13-3.el5_10 base
gimp-libs.i386 2:2.2.13-3.el5_10 base
glx-utils.i386 6.5.1-7.11.el5_9 base
gnome-python2-extras.i386 2.14.2-7.el5 base
gnome-python2-gtkhtml2.i386 2.14.2-7.el5 base
gnome-python2-libegg.i386 2.14.2-7.el5 base
gnome-screensaver.i386 2.16.1-8.el5_7.5 base
gnome-session.i386 2.16.0-10.el5 base
gnome-system-monitor.i386 2.16.0-4.el5 base
gnome-terminal.i386 2.16.0-5.3.el5_6.1 base
gnome-vfs2.i386 2.16.2-12.el5_9 base
gnome-vfs2-smb.i386 2.16.2-12.el5_9 base
gnupg.i386 1.4.5-18.el5_10.1 base
gnutls.i386 1.4.1-16.el5_10 base
groff.i386 1.18.1.1-13.el5 base
grub.i386 0.97-13.11.el5_10.1 base
gtk2.i386 2.10.4-30.el5 base
gzip.i386 1.3.5-13.el5.centos base
hmaccalc.i386 0.9.6-4.el5 base
hpijs.i386 1:1.6.7-6.el5_6.1 base
hplip.i386 1.6.7-6.el5_6.1 base
hsqldb.i386 1:1.8.0.9-1jpp.3 base
httpd.i386 2.2.3-91.el5.centos base
httpd-manual.i386 2.2.3-91.el5.centos base
hwdata.noarch 0.213.30-1.el5 base
ifd-egate.i386 0.05-17.el5 base
initscripts.i386 8.45.45-1.el5.centos base
iproute.i386 2.6.18-15.el5 base
ipsec-tools.i386 0.6.5-14.el5_8.5 base
iptables.i386 1.3.5-9.2.el5_8 base
iptables-ipv6.i386 1.3.5-9.2.el5_8 base
irqbalance.i386 2:0.55-16.el5_11 updates
jpackage-utils.noarch 1.7.3-1jpp.3.el5 base
jwhois.i386 3.2.3-12.el5 base
kbd.i386 1.12-22.el5 base
kernel.i686 2.6.18-409.el5 updates
kexec-tools.i386 1.102pre-165.el5 base
kpartx.i386 0.4.7-64.el5_11 updates
krb5-libs.i386 1.6.1-80.el5_11 updates
krb5-workstation.i386 1.6.1-80.el5_11 updates
ksh.i386 20100621-24.el5_11 updates
kudzu.i386 1.2.57.1.26-7.el5.centos base
less.i386 436-9.el5 base
lftp.i386 3.7.11-8.el5 base
libX11.i386 1.0.3-11.el5_7.1 base
libXcursor.i386 1.1.7-1.2 base
libXfont.i386 1.2.2-1.0.6.el5_11 updates
libacl.i386 2.2.39-8.el5 base
libbonobo.i386 2.16.0-1.1.el5_5.1 base
libexif.i386 0.6.21-1.el5_8 base
libgcj.i386 4.1.2-55.el5 base
libgcrypt.i386 1.4.4-7.el5_10 base
libhugetlbfs.i386 1.3-8.2.el5 base
libicu.i386 3.6-5.16.1 base
libjpeg.i386 6b-38 base
libpng.i386 2:1.2.10-17.el5_8 base
libpurple.i386 2.6.6-32.el5 base
libsane-hpaio.i386 1.6.7-6.el5_6.1 base
libsmbclient.i386 3.0.33-3.41.el5_11 updates
libstdc++.i386 4.1.2-55.el5 base
libsysfs.i386 2.1.0-1.el5 base
libtiff.i386 3.8.2-19.el5_10 base
libusb.i386 0.1.12-6.el5 base
libuser.i386 0.54.7-3.el5 base
libvolume_id.i386 095-14.33.el5_11 updates
libvorbis.i386 1:1.1.2-3.el5_7.6 base
libwpd.i386 0.8.7-3.1.el5_8 base
libxml2.i386 2.6.26-2.1.25.el5_11 updates
libxml2-python.i386 2.6.26-2.1.25.el5_11 updates
libxslt.i386 1.1.17-4.el5_8.3 base
libxslt-python.i386 1.1.17-4.el5_8.3 base
linuxwacom.i386 0.7.8.3-11.2.el5_8 base
logrotate.i386 3.7.4-14 base
logwatch.noarch 7.3-10.el5 base
lsof.i386 4.78-6 base
lvm2.i386 2.02.88-13.el5 base
m2crypto.i386 0.16-9.el5 base
man.i386 1.6d-3.el5 base
man-pages.noarch 2.39-20.el5 base
mdadm.i386 2.6.9-5.el5 base
mesa-libGL.i386 6.5.1-7.11.el5_9 base
mesa-libGLU.i386 6.5.1-7.11.el5_9 base
metacity.i386 2.16.0-16.el5 base
microcode_ctl.i386 2:1.17-7.el5 base
mkinitrd.i386 5.1.19.6-82.el5 base
mktemp.i386 3:1.5-24.el5 base
mod_python.i386 3.2.8-4.el5 base
mod_ssl.i386 1:2.2.3-91.el5.centos base
module-init-tools.i386 3.3-0.pre3.1.63.el5 base
mutt.i386 5:1.4.2.2-6.el5 base
mysql.i386 5.0.95-5.el5_9 base
nash.i386 5.1.19.6-82.el5 base
nautilus.i386 2.16.2-10.el5 base
nautilus-extensions.i386 2.16.2-10.el5 base
net-snmp-libs.i386 1:5.3.2.2-25.el5_11 updates
net-tools.i386 1.60-83.el5_10 base
netpbm.i386 10.35.58-10.el5 base
netpbm-progs.i386 10.35.58-10.el5 base
nfs-utils.i386 1:1.0.9-71.el5_11 updates
nfs-utils-lib.i386 1.0.8-7.9.el5 base
nspluginwrapper.i386 1.3.0-9.el5 base
nspr.i386 4.11.0-1.el5_11 updates
nss.i386 3.21.0-6.el5_11 updates
nss-tools.i386 3.21.0-6.el5_11 updates
nss_db.i386 2.2-38.el5_11 updates
nss_ldap.i386 253-52.el5_11.2 updates
ntp.i386 4.2.2p1-18.el5.centos updates
numactl.i386 0.9.8-12.el5_6 base
oddjob.i386 0.27-12.el5 base
oddjob-libs.i386 0.27-12.el5 base
openldap.i386 2.3.43-29.el5_11 updates
openoffice.org-calc.i386 1:3.1.1-19.10.el5_8.4 base
openoffice.org-core.i386 1:3.1.1-19.10.el5_8.4 base
openoffice.org-draw.i386 1:3.1.1-19.10.el5_8.4 base
openoffice.org-graphicfilter.i386 1:3.1.1-19.10.el5_8.4 base
openoffice.org-impress.i386 1:3.1.1-19.10.el5_8.4 base
openoffice.org-langpack-ko_KR.i386 1:3.1.1-19.10.el5_8.4 base
openoffice.org-math.i386 1:3.1.1-19.10.el5_8.4 base
openoffice.org-ure.i386 1:3.1.1-19.10.el5_8.4 base
openoffice.org-writer.i386 1:3.1.1-19.10.el5_8.4 base
openoffice.org-xsltfilter.i386 1:3.1.1-19.10.el5_8.4 base
openssh.i386 4.3p2-82.el5 base
openssh-askpass.i386 4.3p2-82.el5 base
openssh-clients.i386 4.3p2-82.el5 base
openssh-server.i386 4.3p2-82.el5 base
openssl.i686 0.9.8e-39.el5_11 updates
pam.i386 0.99.6.2-14.el5_11 updates
pam_krb5.i386 2.2.14-22.el5 base
pam_pkcs11.i386 0.5.3-26.el5 base
pango.i386 1.14.9-8.el5.centos.3 base
paps.i386 0.6.6-20.el5 base
parted.i386 1.8.1-30.el5 base
passwd.i386 0.73-2 base
patch.i386 2.5.4-31.el5 base
pciutils.i386 3.1.7-5.el5 base
pcre.i386 6.6-9.el5 base
pcsc-lite.i386 1.4.4-4.el5_5 base
pcsc-lite-libs.i386 1.4.4-4.el5_5 base
perl.i386 4:5.8.8-43.el5_11 updates
perl-Archive-Tar.noarch 1:1.39.1-1.el5_5.2 base
perl-IO-Socket-SSL.noarch 1.01-2.el5 base
pirut.noarch 1.3.28-20.el5.centos base
pm-utils.i386 0.99.3-14.el5 base
policycoreutils.i386 1.33.12-14.13.el5 base
poppler.i386 0.5.4-19.el5_9.2 base
poppler-utils.i386 0.5.4-19.el5_9.2 base
popt.i386 1.10.2.3-36.el5_11 updates
postgresql-libs.i386 8.1.23-10.el5_10 base
procmail.i386 3.22-17.1.2.el5_10 updates
procps.i386 3.2.7-26.el5 base
psmisc.i386 22.2-11 base
python.i386 2.4.3-56.el5 base
python-iniparse.noarch 0.2.3-6.el5 base
python-numeric.i386 23.7-2.2.2.el5_6.1 base
python-urlgrabber.noarch 3.1.0-6.el5 base
pyxf86config.i386 0.3.31-3.el5 base
qt.i386 1:3.3.6-26.el5 base
quota.i386 1:3.13-8.el5 base
redhat-lsb.i386 4.0-2.1.4.el5 base
rhpl.i386 0.194.1-2 base
rhpxl.i386 0.41.1-12.el5 base
rmt.i386 0.4b41-6.el5 base
rng-utils.i386 1:2.0-5.el5 base
rp-pppoe.i386 3.5-33.el5 base
rpm.i386 4.4.2.3-36.el5_11 updates
rpm-libs.i386 4.4.2.3-36.el5_11 updates
rpm-python.i386 4.4.2.3-36.el5_11 updates
rsh.i386 0.17-40.el5_7.1 base
rsync.i386 3.0.6-6.el5_11 updates
sabayon.i386 2.12.4-9.el5 base
sabayon-apply.i386 2.12.4-9.el5 base
samba.i386 3.0.33-3.41.el5_11 updates
samba-client.i386 3.0.33-3.41.el5_11 updates
samba-common.i386 3.0.33-3.41.el5_11 updates
scim.i386 1.4.4-44.el5 base
scim-bridge.i386 0.4.5-11.el5 base
scim-bridge-gtk.i386 0.4.5-11.el5 base
scim-libs.i386 1.4.4-44.el5 base
sed.i386 4.1.5-8.el5 base
selinux-policy.noarch 2.4.6-351.el5 base
selinux-policy-targeted.noarch 2.4.6-351.el5 base
sendmail.i386 8.13.8-10.el5_11 updates
sendmail-cf.i386 8.13.8-10.el5_11 updates
setroubleshoot.noarch 2.0.5-7.el5_11 updates
setroubleshoot-server.noarch 2.0.5-7.el5_11 updates
setup.noarch 2.5.58-9.el5 base
shadow-utils.i386 2:4.0.17-23.el5 base
smartmontools.i386 1:5.42-2.el5 base
sos.noarch 1.7-9.73.el5.centos base
sox.i386 12.18.1-1.el5_5.1 base
spamassassin.i386 3.3.1-4.el5 base
specspo.noarch 13-4.el5.centos base
sqlite.i386 3.3.6-7 base
squid.i386 7:2.6.STABLE21-7.el5_10 updates
stunnel.i386 4.15-2.el5.2 updates
sudo.i386 1.7.2p1-29.el5_10 base
symlinks.i386 1.2-26.el5 base
sysfsutils.i386 2.1.0-1.el5 base
syslinux.i386 4.02-7.2.el5 base
system-config-date.noarch 1.8.12-5.el5.centos base
system-config-display.noarch 1.0.48-4.el5 base
system-config-kdump.noarch 1.0.14-5.el5_9 base
system-config-lvm.noarch 1.1.5-14.el5 base
system-config-network.noarch 1.3.99.23-1.el5 base
system-config-network-tui.noarch 1.3.99.23-1.el5 base
system-config-nfs.noarch 1.3.23-2.el5 base
system-config-printer.i386 0.7.32.10-3.el5 base
system-config-printer-libs.i386 0.7.32.10-3.el5 base
system-config-securitylevel.i386 1.6.29.1-6.el5 base
system-config-securitylevel-tui.i386 1.6.29.1-6.el5 base
system-config-users.noarch 1.2.51-7.el5 base
talk.i386 0.17-31.el5 base
tar.i386 2:1.15.1-32.el5_8 base
tcl.i386 8.4.13-6.el5 base
tcsh.i386 6.14-17.el5_5.2 base
telnet.i386 1:0.17-41.el5 base
tmpwatch.i386 2.9.7-1.1.el5.5 base
totem.i386 2.16.7-7.el5_6.1 base
traceroute.i386 3:2.0.1-6.el5 base
tzdata.i386 2016d-1.el5 updates
udev.i386 095-14.33.el5_11 updates
util-linux.i386 2.13-0.59.el5_8 base
vim-common.i386 2:7.0.109-7.2.el5 base
vim-enhanced.i386 2:7.0.109-7.2.el5 base
vim-minimal.i386 2:7.0.109-7.2.el5 base
vino.i386 2.13.5-10.el5_10 base
vixie-cron.i386 4:4.1-81.el5 base
vnc-server.i386 4.1.2-14.el5_6.6 base
vsftpd.i386 2.0.5-28.el5 base
wdaemon.i386 0.14-8 base
wget.i386 1.11.4-3.el5_8.2 base
wpa_supplicant.i386 1:0.5.10-10.el5 base
xalan-j2.i386 2.7.0-6jpp.2 base
xinetd.i386 2:2.3.14-20.el5_10 base
xkeyboard-config.noarch 0.8-10.el5 base
xorg-x11-drv-ati.i386 6.6.3-3.35.el5 base
xorg-x11-drv-i810.i386 1.6.5-9.40.el5 base
xorg-x11-drv-mga.i386 1.4.13-5.el5 base
xorg-x11-drv-nv.i386 2.1.15-4.el5 base
xorg-x11-drv-qxl.i386 0.0.12-2.el5 base
xorg-x11-drv-sis.i386 0.9.1-7.3.el5_7.1 base
xorg-x11-drv-vesa.i386 1.3.0-8.3.el5 base
xorg-x11-font-utils.i386 1:7.1-3 base
xorg-x11-server-Xnest.i386 1.1.1-48.107.el5.centos updates
xorg-x11-server-Xorg.i386 1.1.1-48.107.el5.centos updates
xorg-x11-server-utils.i386 7.1-5.el5_6.2 base
xorg-x11-xfs.i386 1:1.0.2-5.el5_6.1 base
xulrunner.i386 17.0.10-1.el5_10 base
yelp.i386 2.16.0-30.el5_9 base
yp-tools.i386 2.9-2.el5 base
ypbind.i386 3:1.19-12.el5_6.1 base
yum.noarch 3.2.22-40.el5.centos base
yum-fastestmirror.noarch 1.1.16-21.el5.centos base
yum-metadata-parser.i386 1.1.2-4.el5 base
yum-updatesd.noarch 1:0.9-6.el5_10 base
zlib.i386 1.2.3-7.el5 base
Obsoleting Packages
firefox.i386 38.7.0-1.el5.centos updates
firefox.i386 3.0.18-1.el5.centos installed
[root@linux220 ~]# yum check-update | grep kernel
kernel.i686 2.6.18-409.el5 updates
[root@linux220 ~]# yum -y update
[root@linux220 ~]# chkconfig --list | grep update
yum-updatesd 0:해제 1:해제 2:해제 3:해제 4:해제 5:해제 6:해제
[root@linux220 ~]# chkconfig yum-updatesd off
[root@linux220 ~]# chkconfig --list | grep update
yum-updatesd 0:해제 1:해제 2:해제 3:해제 4:해제 5:해제 6:해제
[EX1] Apache 2.X 소스 컴파일(Source Comile)
다음은 Apache 2.X 소스를 다운로드 하여 설치하는 예이다.
■ Apache 소스 프로그램 설치 과정
(ㄱ) 소스 파일 다운로드
(ㄴ) 압축 해제
(ㄷ) configure && make && make install
(ㄹ) 웹서비스 시작 및 확인
(ㄴ) 압축 해제
(ㄷ) configure && make && make install
(ㄹ) 웹서비스 시작 및 확인
httpd-2.2.14.tar.gz ----> /test/httpd-2.2.14.tar.gz ----> /usr/local/src/httpd-2.2.14
|
|
V
httpd <---- /usr/local/apache2
|
|
V
httpd <---- /usr/local/apache2
l 프로그램 다운로드 디렉토리 : /test
l 프로그램 소스 디렉토리 : /usr/local/src
l 프로그램 설치 디렉토리 : /usr/local/apache2
① Apache 2.X 소스 파일 다운로드
"http://httpd.apache.org/download.cgi#apache22" 사이트에서 최신 버전의 프로그램을 확인하고 URL을 복사한다.
"http://httpd.apache.org/download.cgi#apache22" 사이트에서 최신 버전의 프로그램을 확인하고 URL을 복사한다.
http://mirror.apache-kr.org//httpd/httpd-2.2.31.tar.gz
# cd /test
# wget http://mirror.apache-kr.org//httpd/httpd-2.2.31.tar.gz
# wget http://mirror.apache-kr.org//httpd/httpd-2.2.31.tar.gz
-> 만약 버전이 없어서 에러가 생기는 경우에는 apache 사이트에 직접 들어가서 최신 버전의 URL를 다시 복사하여
사용해야 한다.
사용해야 한다.
② 컴파일러 설치 확인
소스코드를 컴파일 하기 위해서는 gcc컴파일러나 make 컴파일러가 설치되어 있어야 한다. 컴파일러 설치 여부를 확 인하고 설치 되어 있지 않은 경우 yum을 이용하여 설치한다.
소스코드를 컴파일 하기 위해서는 gcc컴파일러나 make 컴파일러가 설치되어 있어야 한다. 컴파일러 설치 여부를 확 인하고 설치 되어 있지 않은 경우 yum을 이용하여 설치한다.
# rpm -q gcc make
(설치되어 있지 않으면 설치)
# yum -y install gcc* make*
# yum -y install gcc* make*
③ 아파치 소스코드 압축/아카이빙 해제 및 확인
프로그램 소스 코드는 RPM 소스 패키지 형태로 제공되는 경우도 있으나, 대부분 tar 아카이브 파일로
배포된다. tar 소스 파일을 구한 앞서 배운대로 tar 명령으로 해당 파일의 압축과 아카이빙을 풀때 사용한다. 소스 의 효울적이고 체계적인 관리를 위해서 tar 파일의 압축을 풀 때 -C 옵션으로 소스가 풀어질 경로를 지정해 놓으면
나중에도 소스를 재 컴파일 해야 한다든지 패치를 적용해야 할 때 소스가 어디에 있는지 우왕좌왕하지 않고 쉽게
찾을 수 있다.
프로그램 소스 코드는 RPM 소스 패키지 형태로 제공되는 경우도 있으나, 대부분 tar 아카이브 파일로
배포된다. tar 소스 파일을 구한 앞서 배운대로 tar 명령으로 해당 파일의 압축과 아카이빙을 풀때 사용한다. 소스 의 효울적이고 체계적인 관리를 위해서 tar 파일의 압축을 풀 때 -C 옵션으로 소스가 풀어질 경로를 지정해 놓으면
나중에도 소스를 재 컴파일 해야 한다든지 패치를 적용해야 할 때 소스가 어디에 있는지 우왕좌왕하지 않고 쉽게
찾을 수 있다.
# tar xvzf httpd-2.2.26.tar.gz -C /usr/local/src /* -C : change directory */
# cd /usr/local/src
# ls -l
# ls -l
④ INSTALL 문서 확인
소스 코드에 어떤 옵션을 부여해서 어떻게 컴파일해야 하는지 컴파일 방법에 대한 자세한 정보가 있는 설치 문서인
README 또는 INSTALL 파일이 소스 파일내에 포함되어 있으므로, 컴파일하기 전에 이러한 문서를 잘 읽어 보고 컴파 일하는 것이 좋다. 소스 코드의 컴파일 순서는 대부분 소스의 경우에는 동일하지만, 약간의 차이가 있는 경우도 있 으므로, 항상 설치 문서를 참고하는 습관을 갖는 것이 현명하다.
# cd httpd-2.2.26
# ls
소스 코드에 어떤 옵션을 부여해서 어떻게 컴파일해야 하는지 컴파일 방법에 대한 자세한 정보가 있는 설치 문서인
README 또는 INSTALL 파일이 소스 파일내에 포함되어 있으므로, 컴파일하기 전에 이러한 문서를 잘 읽어 보고 컴파 일하는 것이 좋다. 소스 코드의 컴파일 순서는 대부분 소스의 경우에는 동일하지만, 약간의 차이가 있는 경우도 있 으므로, 항상 설치 문서를 참고하는 습관을 갖는 것이 현명하다.
# cd httpd-2.2.26
# ls
# cat INSTALL
⑤ 컴파일 환경 설정
대부분의 소스에 있어서 소스 코드의 컴파일 순서는 configure, make, make install로 진행된다. 그 첫 번째 과정 인 configure 작업은 컴파일을 하는데 있어서 컴파일러 존재 여부 확인, 컴파일 환경 옵션 지정, 컴파일에 필요 한 라이브러리 검색 등 컴파일 환경을 준비하는 과정으로, configure 명령에 의해서 Makefile 파일이 준비되는 과
정이다. Makefile 파일은 make 명령으로 컴파일될 때 이용되는 파일로 이 파일이 생성되지 않으면 컴파일될 수 없 으며,컴파일 환경 설정 작업에 잘못 되었거나 수정해야 할 경우 configure 명령을 재실행하지 않고서도 이 파일의
설정값을 에디터로 수정하여 할 수 있다.
대부분의 소스에 있어서 소스 코드의 컴파일 순서는 configure, make, make install로 진행된다. 그 첫 번째 과정 인 configure 작업은 컴파일을 하는데 있어서 컴파일러 존재 여부 확인, 컴파일 환경 옵션 지정, 컴파일에 필요 한 라이브러리 검색 등 컴파일 환경을 준비하는 과정으로, configure 명령에 의해서 Makefile 파일이 준비되는 과
정이다. Makefile 파일은 make 명령으로 컴파일될 때 이용되는 파일로 이 파일이 생성되지 않으면 컴파일될 수 없 으며,컴파일 환경 설정 작업에 잘못 되었거나 수정해야 할 경우 configure 명령을 재실행하지 않고서도 이 파일의
설정값을 에디터로 수정하여 할 수 있다.
소스 컴파일 시 configure 명령에 가장 많이 사용되는 옵션중의 하나가 --prefix= 옵션이다. 이 옵션을 이용하면
소스 컴파일 후 컴파일된 프로그램이 설치될 경로를 지정해 줄 수 있고, 컴파일된 프로그램을 제거할 때 --prefix=
옵션으로 명시한 디렉토리를 통째로 삭제해 줌으로써 쉽게 프로그램을 제거할 수 있는 이점이 있다.
소스 컴파일 후 컴파일된 프로그램이 설치될 경로를 지정해 줄 수 있고, 컴파일된 프로그램을 제거할 때 --prefix=
옵션으로 명시한 디렉토리를 통째로 삭제해 줌으로써 쉽게 프로그램을 제거할 수 있는 이점이 있다.
# ./configure --help
-> configure 명령어의 사용법을 확인 한다.
-> configure 명령어의 사용법을 확인 한다.
# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/apache2
-> configure 과정이 잘 수행 되었는지 확인하기 위해서 $? 변수를 사용할 수 있다.
# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/apache2
......
# echo $?
0
-> configure 명령어가 수행이 되면 출력되는 내용을 로그 파일로 저장하기 위해서는 tee 명령어를 사용할수도 있 고 리다이렉션 기호를 사용할 수도 있다.
# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/apache2 | tee -a file.log
# cat file.log
or
# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/apache2 > apache.log 2>&1
# cat apache.log
-> configure 과정이 잘 수행 되었는지 확인하기 위해서 $? 변수를 사용할 수 있다.
# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/apache2
......
# echo $?
0
-> configure 명령어가 수행이 되면 출력되는 내용을 로그 파일로 저장하기 위해서는 tee 명령어를 사용할수도 있 고 리다이렉션 기호를 사용할 수도 있다.
# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/apache2 | tee -a file.log
# cat file.log
or
# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/apache2 > apache.log 2>&1
# cat apache.log
⑥ 컴파일(make)
configure로 컴파일 환경을 설정한 후 make 명령으로 소스를 컴파일한다. 다음은 아파치 소스를 make로 컴파일하는
일부 과정이다.
# make
configure로 컴파일 환경을 설정한 후 make 명령으로 소스를 컴파일한다. 다음은 아파치 소스를 make로 컴파일하는
일부 과정이다.
# make
⑦ 컴파일된 프로그램 설치(make install)
make 명령으로 컴파일된 소스 프로그램은 make install 명령에 의해서 --prefix= 옵션으로 명시된 경로로 설치
된다. 보통 make와 make install 명령을 다음과 같이 한 번에 내릴 수 있다.
# make install
⑧ 웹서비스 테스트
# cd /usr/local/apache2
# ls
/usr/local/apache2 --+--- bin (명령어, 데몬)
+--- conf (설정파일)
+--- htdocs (소스코드)
+--- conf (설정파일)
+--- htdocs (소스코드)
# cd bin
# ./apachectl start
# pgrep -lf httpd
-> 떠 있는 데몬 확인
# cat /usr/local/apache2/htdocs/index.html
# firefox &
-> http://localhost (http://127.0.0.1)
-> 자신의 서버에 웹서비스 요청을 하여 메인 페이지가 보이는지 확인 한다.
-> http://localhost (http://127.0.0.1)
-> 자신의 서버에 웹서비스 요청을 하여 메인 페이지가 보이는지 확인 한다.
⑨ 컴파일한 프로그램 제거하기
# cd /usr/local/apache2/bin
# ./apachectl stop
# pgrep -lf httpd
# cd
# rm -rf /usr/local/apache2
# cd /usr/local/apache2/bin
# ./apachectl stop
# pgrep -lf httpd
# cd
# rm -rf /usr/local/apache2
# make clean //메이크 오류가 나서 클린 명령어 쓰고 다시 메이크, 인스톨 했더니 정상적으로 실습됨
# make
# make install
(정리) 패키지 관리
rpm CMD(RedHat Packages Manager)
# rpm -ivh [--nodeps] pkg.rpm
# rpm -Uvh [--nodeps] pkg.rpm
# rpm -Fvh [--nodeps] pkg.rpm
# rpm -Uvh [--nodeps] pkg.rpm
# rpm -Fvh [--nodeps] pkg.rpm
# rpm -qa | grep pkg
# rpm -q pkg
# rpm -q pkg
# rpm -qf /etc/passwd
# rpm -ql pkg
# rpm –qi pkg
# rpm –qi -p pkg.rpm
# rpm -ql pkg
# rpm –qi pkg
# rpm –qi -p pkg.rpm
# rpm -e [--nodeps] pkg
yum CMD(Yellowdog Update Manager)
# yum install pkg (# yum -y install pkg)
# yum update pkg
# yum -y update
# yum update pkg
# yum -y update
# yum list (# yum list installed)
# yum search pkg
# yum search pkg
# yum info pkg
# yum remove pkg (# yum erase pkg)
[참고] kernel upgrade
# rpm –ivh kernel.rpm
# yum install kernel.rpm
# yum install kernel.rpm
Source Compile(EX: pkg.tar.gz)
# tar xvzf pkg.tar.gz
# cd pkg
# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/pkg (# ./configure --help)
# make
# make install
# cd pkg
# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/pkg (# ./configure --help)
# make
# make install
[참고]
APM(Apache + PHP + MySQL) 설치
ATJO(Apache + Tomcat + JAVA(JDK/SDK) + Oracle) 설치
APM(Apache + PHP + MySQL) 설치
ATJO(Apache + Tomcat + JAVA(JDK/SDK) + Oracle) 설치
Create an RPM
rpm 패키지 생성 절차
(ㄱ) 소스 프로그램 개발
(ㄴ) 소스.tar.gz 파일 생성
(ㄷ) SPEC 파일 생성
(ㄹ) rpm build
(ㅁ) GPG Key 생성
(ㅂ) 패키지 sign
(ㅅ) Yum Repository 구성
(ㅇ) 테스트
(ㄱ) 소스 프로그램 개발
(ㄴ) 소스.tar.gz 파일 생성
(ㄷ) SPEC 파일 생성
(ㄹ) rpm build
(ㅁ) GPG Key 생성
(ㅂ) 패키지 sign
(ㅅ) Yum Repository 구성
(ㅇ) 테스트
업데이트 버전 확인
[root@linux220 ~]# cat /etc/redhat-release
CentOS release 5.11 (Final)
[root@linux220 ~]# uname -a
Linux linux220.example.com 2.6.18-409.el5 #1 SMP Tue Mar 15 18:22:22 EDT 2016 i686 athlon i386 GNU/Linux
[root@linux220 ~]# cd /test
[root@linux220 /test]# rm -rf /test/*
[root@linux220 /test]# mkdir hello-1.0
[root@linux220 /test]# ls
hello-1.0
[root@linux220 /test]# vi hello-1.0/hello.sh
[root@linux220 /test]# cat hello-1.0/hello.sh
#!/bin/bash
echo 'This is a test.'
echo
echo
echo ' ________________________'
echo '/ \'
echo '| |'
echo '| 야 !! 공부좀 해라!!! |'
echo '| |'
echo '\________________________/'
echo ' \'
echo ' \'
echo ' (__)'
echo ' (oo)______'
echo ' (__) )\'
echo ' ||---|| *'
echo ' || ||'
echo
[root@linux220 /test]# ls /usr/src/redhat
ls: /usr/src/redhat: 그런 파일이나 디렉토리가 없음
[root@linux220 /test]# yum -y install rpm-build
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
* base: ftp.daumkakao.com
* extras: ftp.daumkakao.com
* updates: ftp.daumkakao.com
base | 1.1 kB 00:00
extras | 2.1 kB 00:00
updates | 1.9 kB 00:00
Setting up Install Process
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package rpm-build.i386 0:4.4.2.3-36.el5_11 set to be updated
--> Processing Dependency: xz for package: rpm-build
--> Processing Dependency: elfutils for package: rpm-build
--> Running transaction check
---> Package elfutils.i386 0:0.137-3.el5 set to be updated
--> Processing Dependency: elfutils-libs-i386 = 0.137-3.el5 for package: elfutils
--> Processing Dependency: libdw.so.1(ELFUTILS_0.127) for package: elfutils
--> Processing Dependency: libdw.so.1(ELFUTILS_0.122) for package: elfutils
--> Processing Dependency: libasm.so.1 for package: elfutils
--> Processing Dependency: libdw.so.1(ELFUTILS_0.130) for package: elfutils
--> Processing Dependency: libdw.so.1 for package: elfutils
--> Processing Dependency: libasm.so.1(ELFUTILS_1.0) for package: elfutils
--> Processing Dependency: libdw.so.1(ELFUTILS_0.126) for package: elfutils
---> Package xz.i386 0:4.999.9-0.3.beta.20091007git.el5 set to be updated
--> Running transaction check
---> Package elfutils-libs.i386 0:0.137-3.el5 set to be updated
--> Finished Dependency Resolution
echo '/ \'
echo '| |'
echo '| 야 !! 공부좀 해라!!! |'
echo '| |'
echo '\________________________/'
echo ' \'
echo ' \'
echo ' (__)'
echo ' (oo)______'
echo ' (__) )\'
echo ' ||---|| *'
echo ' || ||'
echo
[root@linux220 /test]# ls /usr/src/redhat
ls: /usr/src/redhat: 그런 파일이나 디렉토리가 없음
[root@linux220 /test]# yum -y install rpm-build
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
* base: ftp.daumkakao.com
* extras: ftp.daumkakao.com
* updates: ftp.daumkakao.com
base | 1.1 kB 00:00
extras | 2.1 kB 00:00
updates | 1.9 kB 00:00
Setting up Install Process
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package rpm-build.i386 0:4.4.2.3-36.el5_11 set to be updated
--> Processing Dependency: xz for package: rpm-build
--> Processing Dependency: elfutils for package: rpm-build
--> Running transaction check
---> Package elfutils.i386 0:0.137-3.el5 set to be updated
--> Processing Dependency: elfutils-libs-i386 = 0.137-3.el5 for package: elfutils
--> Processing Dependency: libdw.so.1(ELFUTILS_0.127) for package: elfutils
--> Processing Dependency: libdw.so.1(ELFUTILS_0.122) for package: elfutils
--> Processing Dependency: libasm.so.1 for package: elfutils
--> Processing Dependency: libdw.so.1(ELFUTILS_0.130) for package: elfutils
--> Processing Dependency: libdw.so.1 for package: elfutils
--> Processing Dependency: libasm.so.1(ELFUTILS_1.0) for package: elfutils
--> Processing Dependency: libdw.so.1(ELFUTILS_0.126) for package: elfutils
---> Package xz.i386 0:4.999.9-0.3.beta.20091007git.el5 set to be updated
--> Running transaction check
---> Package elfutils-libs.i386 0:0.137-3.el5 set to be updated
--> Finished Dependency Resolution
Dependencies Resolved
=============================================================================================================================
Package Arch Version Repository Size
=============================================================================================================================
Installing:
rpm-build i386 4.4.2.3-36.el5_11 updates 304 k
Installing for dependencies:
elfutils i386 0.137-3.el5 base 228 k
elfutils-libs i386 0.137-3.el5 base 193 k
xz i386 4.999.9-0.3.beta.20091007git.el5 base 146 k
Package Arch Version Repository Size
=============================================================================================================================
Installing:
rpm-build i386 4.4.2.3-36.el5_11 updates 304 k
Installing for dependencies:
elfutils i386 0.137-3.el5 base 228 k
elfutils-libs i386 0.137-3.el5 base 193 k
xz i386 4.999.9-0.3.beta.20091007git.el5 base 146 k
Transaction Summary
=============================================================================================================================
Install 4 Package(s)
Upgrade 0 Package(s)
=============================================================================================================================
Install 4 Package(s)
Upgrade 0 Package(s)
Total download size: 872 k
Downloading Packages:
(1/4): xz-4.999.9-0.3.beta.20091007git.el5.i386.rpm | 146 kB 00:00
(2/4): elfutils-libs-0.137-3.el5.i386.rpm | 193 kB 00:00
(3/4): elfutils-0.137-3.el5.i386.rpm | 228 kB 00:00
(4/4): rpm-build-4.4.2.3-36.el5_11.i386.rpm | 304 kB 00:00
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total 3.0 MB/s | 872 kB 00:00
Running rpm_check_debug
Running Transaction Test
Finished Transaction Test
Transaction Test Succeeded
Running Transaction
Installing : elfutils-libs 1/4
Installing : elfutils 2/4
Installing : xz 3/4
Installing : rpm-build 4/4
Downloading Packages:
(1/4): xz-4.999.9-0.3.beta.20091007git.el5.i386.rpm | 146 kB 00:00
(2/4): elfutils-libs-0.137-3.el5.i386.rpm | 193 kB 00:00
(3/4): elfutils-0.137-3.el5.i386.rpm | 228 kB 00:00
(4/4): rpm-build-4.4.2.3-36.el5_11.i386.rpm | 304 kB 00:00
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total 3.0 MB/s | 872 kB 00:00
Running rpm_check_debug
Running Transaction Test
Finished Transaction Test
Transaction Test Succeeded
Running Transaction
Installing : elfutils-libs 1/4
Installing : elfutils 2/4
Installing : xz 3/4
Installing : rpm-build 4/4
Installed:
rpm-build.i386 0:4.4.2.3-36.el5_11
rpm-build.i386 0:4.4.2.3-36.el5_11
Dependency Installed:
elfutils.i386 0:0.137-3.el5 elfutils-libs.i386 0:0.137-3.el5 xz.i386 0:4.999.9-0.3.beta.20091007git.el5
elfutils.i386 0:0.137-3.el5 elfutils-libs.i386 0:0.137-3.el5 xz.i386 0:4.999.9-0.3.beta.20091007git.el5
Complete!
[root@linux220 /test]# ls /usr/src/redhat
BUILD RPMS SOURCES SPECS SRPMS
[root@linux220 /test]# tar cvzf /usr/src/redhat/SOURCES/hello-1.0-1.tar.gz hello-1.0
hello-1.0/
hello-1.0/hello.sh
[root@linux220 /test]# tar tvzf /usr/src/redhat/SOURCES/hello-1.0-1.tar.gz
drwxr-xr-x root/root 0 2016-04-27 17:54:06 hello-1.0/
-rw-r--r-- root/root 393 2016-04-27 17:54:06 hello-1.0/hello.sh
[root@linux220 /test]# ls /usr/src/redhat
BUILD RPMS SOURCES SPECS SRPMS
[root@linux220 /test]# tar cvzf /usr/src/redhat/SOURCES/hello-1.0-1.tar.gz hello-1.0
hello-1.0/
hello-1.0/hello.sh
[root@linux220 /test]# tar tvzf /usr/src/redhat/SOURCES/hello-1.0-1.tar.gz
drwxr-xr-x root/root 0 2016-04-27 17:54:06 hello-1.0/
-rw-r--r-- root/root 393 2016-04-27 17:54:06 hello-1.0/hello.sh
[root@linux220 /test]# vi /usr/src/redhat/SPECS/hello.spec
[root@linux220 /test]# cat /usr/src/redhat/SPECS/hello.spec
%define name hello
%define version 1.0
%define release 1
[root@linux220 /test]# cat /usr/src/redhat/SPECS/hello.spec
%define name hello
%define version 1.0
%define release 1
Name: hello
Version: 1.0
Release: 1
Summary: Hello
Group: CentOS
License: GPL
URL: http://www.example.com
Source0: %{name}-%{version}-%{release}.tar.gz
BuildRoot: /var/tmp/%{name}-buildroot
Version: 1.0
Release: 1
Summary: Hello
Group: CentOS
License: GPL
URL: http://www.example.com
Source0: %{name}-%{version}-%{release}.tar.gz
BuildRoot: /var/tmp/%{name}-buildroot
%description
Installs /root/bin/hello.sh
Installs /root/bin/hello.sh
%prep
%setup -q -n %{name}-%{version}
%setup -q -n %{name}-%{version}
%build
%install
rm -rf $RPM_BUILD_ROOT
mkdir -p $RPM_BUILD_ROOT/root/bin
install -m 755 hello.sh $RPM_BUILD_ROOT/root/bin/hello.sh
rm -rf $RPM_BUILD_ROOT
mkdir -p $RPM_BUILD_ROOT/root/bin
install -m 755 hello.sh $RPM_BUILD_ROOT/root/bin/hello.sh
%clean
rm -rf $RPM_BUILD_ROOT
rm -rf $RPM_BUILD_ROOT
%files
%defattr(-,root,root,-)
/root/bin/hello.sh
%defattr(-,root,root,-)
/root/bin/hello.sh
%changelog
[root@linux220 /test]# rpmbuild -ba /usr/src/redhat/SPECS/hello.spec
실행 중(%prep): /bin/sh -e /var/tmp/rpm-tmp.79179
+ umask 022
+ cd /usr/src/redhat/BUILD
+ cd /usr/src/redhat/BUILD
+ rm -rf hello-1.0
+ /bin/gzip -dc /usr/src/redhat/SOURCES/hello-1.0-1.tar.gz
+ tar -xf -
+ STATUS=0
+ '[' 0 -ne 0 ']'
+ cd hello-1.0
++ /usr/bin/id -u
+ '[' 0 = 0 ']'
+ /bin/chown -Rhf root .
++ /usr/bin/id -u
+ '[' 0 = 0 ']'
+ /bin/chgrp -Rhf root .
+ /bin/chmod -Rf a+rX,u+w,g-w,o-w .
+ exit 0
실행 중(%build): /bin/sh -e /var/tmp/rpm-tmp.79179
+ umask 022
+ cd /usr/src/redhat/BUILD
+ cd hello-1.0
+ exit 0
실행 중(%install): /bin/sh -e /var/tmp/rpm-tmp.79179
+ umask 022
+ cd /usr/src/redhat/BUILD
+ cd hello-1.0
+ rm -rf /var/tmp/hello-buildroot
+ mkdir -p /var/tmp/hello-buildroot/root/bin
+ install -m 755 hello.sh /var/tmp/hello-buildroot/root/bin/hello.sh
+ /usr/lib/rpm/brp-compress
+ /usr/lib/rpm/brp-strip
+ /usr/lib/rpm/brp-strip-static-archive
+ /usr/lib/rpm/brp-strip-comment-note
파일 처리 중: hello-1.0-1
Requires(rpmlib): rpmlib(CompressedFileNames) <= 3.0.4-1 rpmlib(PayloadFilesHavePrefix) <= 4.0-1
Requires: /bin/bash
Checking for unpackaged file(s): /usr/lib/rpm/check-files /var/tmp/hello-buildroot
작성: /usr/src/redhat/SRPMS/hello-1.0-1.src.rpm
작성: /usr/src/redhat/RPMS/i386/hello-1.0-1.i386.rpm
실행 중(%clean): /bin/sh -e /var/tmp/rpm-tmp.79179
+ umask 022
+ cd /usr/src/redhat/BUILD
+ cd hello-1.0
+ rm -rf /var/tmp/hello-buildroot
+ exit 0
[root@linux220 /test]# rpmbuild -ba /usr/src/redhat/SPECS/hello.spec
실행 중(%prep): /bin/sh -e /var/tmp/rpm-tmp.79179
+ umask 022
+ cd /usr/src/redhat/BUILD
+ cd /usr/src/redhat/BUILD
+ rm -rf hello-1.0
+ /bin/gzip -dc /usr/src/redhat/SOURCES/hello-1.0-1.tar.gz
+ tar -xf -
+ STATUS=0
+ '[' 0 -ne 0 ']'
+ cd hello-1.0
++ /usr/bin/id -u
+ '[' 0 = 0 ']'
+ /bin/chown -Rhf root .
++ /usr/bin/id -u
+ '[' 0 = 0 ']'
+ /bin/chgrp -Rhf root .
+ /bin/chmod -Rf a+rX,u+w,g-w,o-w .
+ exit 0
실행 중(%build): /bin/sh -e /var/tmp/rpm-tmp.79179
+ umask 022
+ cd /usr/src/redhat/BUILD
+ cd hello-1.0
+ exit 0
실행 중(%install): /bin/sh -e /var/tmp/rpm-tmp.79179
+ umask 022
+ cd /usr/src/redhat/BUILD
+ cd hello-1.0
+ rm -rf /var/tmp/hello-buildroot
+ mkdir -p /var/tmp/hello-buildroot/root/bin
+ install -m 755 hello.sh /var/tmp/hello-buildroot/root/bin/hello.sh
+ /usr/lib/rpm/brp-compress
+ /usr/lib/rpm/brp-strip
+ /usr/lib/rpm/brp-strip-static-archive
+ /usr/lib/rpm/brp-strip-comment-note
파일 처리 중: hello-1.0-1
Requires(rpmlib): rpmlib(CompressedFileNames) <= 3.0.4-1 rpmlib(PayloadFilesHavePrefix) <= 4.0-1
Requires: /bin/bash
Checking for unpackaged file(s): /usr/lib/rpm/check-files /var/tmp/hello-buildroot
작성: /usr/src/redhat/SRPMS/hello-1.0-1.src.rpm
작성: /usr/src/redhat/RPMS/i386/hello-1.0-1.i386.rpm
실행 중(%clean): /bin/sh -e /var/tmp/rpm-tmp.79179
+ umask 022
+ cd /usr/src/redhat/BUILD
+ cd hello-1.0
+ rm -rf /var/tmp/hello-buildroot
+ exit 0
[root@linux220 /test]# find /usr/src/redhat
/usr/src/redhat
/usr/src/redhat/RPMS
/usr/src/redhat/RPMS/athlon
/usr/src/redhat/RPMS/i586
/usr/src/redhat/RPMS/geode
/usr/src/redhat/RPMS/i386
/usr/src/redhat/RPMS/i386/hello-1.0-1.i386.rpm
/usr/src/redhat/RPMS/i686
/usr/src/redhat/RPMS/noarch
/usr/src/redhat/RPMS/i486
/usr/src/redhat/SRPMS
/usr/src/redhat/SRPMS/hello-1.0-1.src.rpm
/usr/src/redhat/SPECS
/usr/src/redhat/SPECS/hello.spec
/usr/src/redhat/BUILD
/usr/src/redhat/BUILD/hello-1.0
/usr/src/redhat/BUILD/hello-1.0/hello.sh
/usr/src/redhat/SOURCES
/usr/src/redhat/SOURCES/hello-1.0-1.tar.gz
[root@linux220 /test]# cd /usr/src/redhat/RPMS/i386
[root@linux220 /usr/src/redhat/RPMS/i386]# rpm -Uvh hello-1.0-1.i386.rpm
준비 중... ########################################### [100%]
1:hello ########################################### [100%]
[root@linux220 /usr/src/redhat/RPMS/i386]# ls -l /root/bin/hello.sh
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 393 4월 27 18:00 /root/bin/hello.sh
[root@linux220 /usr/src/redhat/RPMS/i386]# /root/bin/hello.sh
This is a test.
________________________
/ \
| |
| 야 !! 공부좀 해라!!! |
| |
\________________________/
\
\
(__)
(oo)______
(__) )\
||---|| *
|| ||
/ \
| |
| 야 !! 공부좀 해라!!! |
| |
\________________________/
\
\
(__)
(oo)______
(__) )\
||---|| *
|| ||
[root@linux220 /usr/src/redhat/RPMS/i386]# rpm -qa | grep hello
hello-1.0-1
[root@linux220 /usr/src/redhat/RPMS/i386]# rpm -qi hello-1.0-1
Name : hello Relocations: (not relocatable)
Version : 1.0 Vendor: (none)
Release : 1 Build Date:
Install Date: Build Host: linux220.example.com
Group : CentOS Source RPM: hello-1.0-1.src.rpm
Size : 393 License: GPL
Signature : (none)
URL : http://www.example.com
Summary : Hello
Description :
Installs /root/bin/hello.sh
[root@linux220 /usr/src/redhat/RPMS/i386]# cd
[root@linux220 ~]# rpm -e hello
[root@linux220 ~]# rpm -qa | grep hello
hello-1.0-1
[root@linux220 /usr/src/redhat/RPMS/i386]# rpm -qi hello-1.0-1
Name : hello Relocations: (not relocatable)
Version : 1.0 Vendor: (none)
Release : 1 Build Date:
Install Date: Build Host: linux220.example.com
Group : CentOS Source RPM: hello-1.0-1.src.rpm
Size : 393 License: GPL
Signature : (none)
URL : http://www.example.com
Summary : Hello
Description :
Installs /root/bin/hello.sh
[root@linux220 /usr/src/redhat/RPMS/i386]# cd
[root@linux220 ~]# rpm -e hello
[root@linux220 ~]# rpm -qa | grep hello
⑥ GPG Key 생성과 패키지 sign
참조 http://idoit.egloos.com/374672
참조 https://librewiki.net/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EB%A6%AC%EC%A6%88:%EC%95%94%ED%98%B8%EC%9D%98_%EC%95%94%EB%8F%84_%EB%AA%B0%EB%9D%BC%EB%8F%84_%EC%89%BD%EA%B2%8C_%ED%95%98%EB%8A%94_GPG
[root@linux220 ~]# cd
[root@linux220 ~]# gpg --gen-key
gpg (GnuPG) 1.4.5; Copyright (C) 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
This program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY.
This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it
under certain conditions. See the file COPYING for details.
gpg: directory `/root/.gnupg' created
gpg: new configuration file `/root/.gnupg/gpg.conf' created
gpg: WARNING: options in `/root/.gnupg/gpg.conf' are not yet active during this run
gpg: keyring `/root/.gnupg/secring.gpg' created
gpg: keyring `/root/.gnupg/pubring.gpg' created
Please select what kind of key you want:
(1) DSA and Elgamal (default)
(2) DSA (sign only)
(5) RSA (sign only)
Your selection?
DSA keypair will have 1024 bits.
ELG-E keys may be between 1024 and 4096 bits long.
What keysize do you want? (2048)
Requested keysize is 2048 bits
Please specify how long the key should be valid.
0 = key does not expire
<n> = key expires in n days
<n>w = key expires in n weeks
<n>m = key expires in n months
<n>y = key expires in n years
Key is valid for? (0)
Key does not expire at all
Is this correct? (y/N) y
gpg: new configuration file `/root/.gnupg/gpg.conf' created
gpg: WARNING: options in `/root/.gnupg/gpg.conf' are not yet active during this run
gpg: keyring `/root/.gnupg/secring.gpg' created
gpg: keyring `/root/.gnupg/pubring.gpg' created
Please select what kind of key you want:
(1) DSA and Elgamal (default)
(2) DSA (sign only)
(5) RSA (sign only)
Your selection?
DSA keypair will have 1024 bits.
ELG-E keys may be between 1024 and 4096 bits long.
What keysize do you want? (2048)
Requested keysize is 2048 bits
Please specify how long the key should be valid.
0 = key does not expire
<n> = key expires in n days
<n>w = key expires in n weeks
<n>m = key expires in n months
<n>y = key expires in n years
Key is valid for? (0)
Key does not expire at all
Is this correct? (y/N) y
You need a user ID to identify your key; the software constructs the user ID
from the Real Name, Comment and Email Address in this form:
"Heinrich Heine (Der Dichter) <heinrichh@duesseldorf.de>"
from the Real Name, Comment and Email Address in this form:
"Heinrich Heine (Der Dichter) <heinrichh@duesseldorf.de>"
Real name: Yun, Jinsik
Email address: dodogau@naver.com
Comment: null
You selected this USER-ID:
"Yun, Jinsik (null) <dodogau@naver.com>"
Email address: dodogau@naver.com
Comment: null
You selected this USER-ID:
"Yun, Jinsik (null) <dodogau@naver.com>"
Change (N)ame, (C)omment, (E)mail or (O)kay/(Q)uit? o
You need a Passphrase to protect your secret key.
You need a Passphrase to protect your secret key.
We need to generate a lot of random bytes. It is a good idea to perform
some other action (type on the keyboard, move the mouse, utilize the
disks) during the prime generation; this gives the random number
generator a better chance to gain enough entropy.
++++++++++.+++++++++++++++.+++++++++++++++++++++++++.++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++.+++++++++++++++..++++++++++..++++++++++..................+++++
some other action (type on the keyboard, move the mouse, utilize the
disks) during the prime generation; this gives the random number
generator a better chance to gain enough entropy.
++++++++++.+++++++++++++++.+++++++++++++++++++++++++.++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++.+++++++++++++++..++++++++++..++++++++++..................+++++
Not enough random bytes available. Please do some other work to give
the OS a chance to collect more entropy! (Need 281 more bytes)
We need to generate a lot of random bytes. It is a good idea to perform
some other action (type on the keyboard, move the mouse, utilize the
disks) during the prime generation; this gives the random number
generator a better chance to gain enough entropy.
.+++++++++++++++....+++++++++++++++..+++++.++++++++++.++++++++++.+++++.+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++..+++++++++++++++++++++++++...++++++++++.+++++++++++++++>.+++++..+++++......+++++^^^
gpg: /root/.gnupg/trustdb.gpg: trustdb created
gpg: key 9D56C394 marked as ultimately trusted
public and secret key created and signed.
the OS a chance to collect more entropy! (Need 281 more bytes)
We need to generate a lot of random bytes. It is a good idea to perform
some other action (type on the keyboard, move the mouse, utilize the
disks) during the prime generation; this gives the random number
generator a better chance to gain enough entropy.
.+++++++++++++++....+++++++++++++++..+++++.++++++++++.++++++++++.+++++.+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++..+++++++++++++++++++++++++...++++++++++.+++++++++++++++>.+++++..+++++......+++++^^^
gpg: /root/.gnupg/trustdb.gpg: trustdb created
gpg: key 9D56C394 marked as ultimately trusted
public and secret key created and signed.
gpg: checking the trustdb
gpg: 3 marginal(s) needed, 1 complete(s) needed, PGP trust model
gpg: depth: 0 valid: 1 signed: 0 trust: 0-, 0q, 0n, 0m, 0f, 1u
pub 1024D/9D56C394 2016-04-27
Key fingerprint = CB77 CEC2 3DD4 3A9D B43E 7E4E 80E9 2ACF 9D56 C394
uid Yun, Jinsik (null) <dodogau@naver.com>
sub 2048g/FF45FA28 2016-04-27
gpg: 3 marginal(s) needed, 1 complete(s) needed, PGP trust model
gpg: depth: 0 valid: 1 signed: 0 trust: 0-, 0q, 0n, 0m, 0f, 1u
pub 1024D/9D56C394 2016-04-27
Key fingerprint = CB77 CEC2 3DD4 3A9D B43E 7E4E 80E9 2ACF 9D56 C394
uid Yun, Jinsik (null) <dodogau@naver.com>
sub 2048g/FF45FA28 2016-04-27
Key ID : 9D56C394
Pass Phrase : testing123
Pass Phrase : testing123
[root@linux220 ~]# gpg -a -o ~/RPM-GPG-KEY-test --export 9D56C394
[root@linux220 ~]# ls RPM*
RPM-GPG-KEY-test
[root@linux220 ~]# cat RPM-GPG-KEY-test
-----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK-----
Version: GnuPG v1.4.5 (GNU/Linux)
[root@linux220 ~]# ls RPM*
RPM-GPG-KEY-test
[root@linux220 ~]# cat RPM-GPG-KEY-test
-----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK-----
Version: GnuPG v1.4.5 (GNU/Linux)
mQGiBFcggzwRBADIeh4oqAfWD2dWRDZCvN7/ZGRHlZ+I00mGuKvIOG0rcGXAPzBW
t6SRavHjuaZyzlL0ql6+8zwYCnjSOJCtn5/W6qGJEov87C54aGZAp3zIIfLpxc1k
eMXSkdasLSENyi2I73sG9zDGzpGbtBmXeizQ4KRRwnAqVlbKEoV0QcWoBwCg6L0V
oMIYp9LGei2YGHWSugdj5LsD/iq5GL6dNS27/nUGd2BT6TGdSZGkSJCm9aWqAFO8
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j94VAlYr9oUKKw==
=3rm0
-----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK-----
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j94VAlYr9oUKKw==
=3rm0
-----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK-----
[root@linux220 ~]# vi ~/.rpmmacros
[root@linux220 ~]# cat ~/.rpmmacros
%_gpg_name 9D56C394
[root@linux220 ~]# rpm --resign /usr/src/redhat/RPMS/i386/hello-1.0-1.i386.rpm
패스 구문(pass phrase) 입력:
패스 구문(pass phrase)이 일치합니다.
/usr/src/redhat/RPMS/i386/hello-1.0-1.i386.rpm:
gpg: WARNING: standard input reopened
gpg: WARNING: standard input reopened
[root@linux220 ~]# mkdir /var/www/html/packages
[root@linux220 ~]# cp /usr/src/redhat/RPMS/i386/hello*.rpm /var/www/html/packages/
[root@linux220 ~]# cp RPM-GPG-KEY-test /var/www/html/packages/
[root@linux220 ~]# yum -y install createrepo
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
* base: ftp.daumkakao.com
* extras: ftp.daumkakao.com
* updates: ftp.daumkakao.com
Setting up Install Process
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package createrepo.noarch 0:0.4.11-3.el5 set to be updated
--> Finished Dependency Resolution
Dependencies Resolved
=============================================================================================================================
Package Arch Version Repository Size
=============================================================================================================================
Installing:
createrepo noarch 0.4.11-3.el5 base 59 k
Package Arch Version Repository Size
=============================================================================================================================
Installing:
createrepo noarch 0.4.11-3.el5 base 59 k
Transaction Summary
=============================================================================================================================
Install 1 Package(s)
Upgrade 0 Package(s)
=============================================================================================================================
Install 1 Package(s)
Upgrade 0 Package(s)
Total download size: 59 k
Downloading Packages:
createrepo-0.4.11-3.el5.noarch.rpm | 59 kB 00:00
Running rpm_check_debug
Running Transaction Test
Finished Transaction Test
Transaction Test Succeeded
Running Transaction
Installing : createrepo 1/1
Downloading Packages:
createrepo-0.4.11-3.el5.noarch.rpm | 59 kB 00:00
Running rpm_check_debug
Running Transaction Test
Finished Transaction Test
Transaction Test Succeeded
Running Transaction
Installing : createrepo 1/1
Installed:
createrepo.noarch 0:0.4.11-3.el5
createrepo.noarch 0:0.4.11-3.el5
Complete!
[root@linux220 ~]# createrepo -v /var/www/html/packages/ (createrepo /var/www/html/packages/)
1/1 - hello-1.0-1.i386.rpm
[root@linux220 ~]# createrepo -v /var/www/html/packages/ (createrepo /var/www/html/packages/)
1/1 - hello-1.0-1.i386.rpm
Saving Primary metadata
Saving file lists metadata
Saving other metadata
[root@linux220 ~]# service httpd start
httpd (을)를 시작 중: [ OK ]
Saving file lists metadata
Saving other metadata
[root@linux220 ~]# service httpd start
httpd (을)를 시작 중: [ OK ]
[root@linux220 ~]# cd /etc/yum.repos.d/
[root@linux220 /etc/yum.repos.d]# ls
CentOS-Base.repo CentOS-Media.repo CentOS-Vault.repo iso.repo
CentOS-Debuginfo.repo CentOS-Sources.repo CentOS-fasttrack.repo
[root@linux220 /etc/yum.repos.d]# vi hello.repo
[root@linux220 /etc/yum.repos.d]# cat hello.repo
[hello]
name=hello
description=Test Yum Repository
baseurl=http://172.16.6.220/packages
enabled=1
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=http://172.16.6.220/packages/RPM-GPG-KEY-test
[root@linux220 /etc/yum.repos.d]# yum -y install hello
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
* base: ftp.daumkakao.com
* extras: ftp.daumkakao.com
* updates: ftp.daumkakao.com
hello | 951 B 00:00
hello/primary | 668 B 00:00
hello 1/1
Setting up Install Process
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package hello.i386 0:1.0-1 set to be updated
--> Finished Dependency Resolution
[root@linux220 /etc/yum.repos.d]# ls
CentOS-Base.repo CentOS-Media.repo CentOS-Vault.repo iso.repo
CentOS-Debuginfo.repo CentOS-Sources.repo CentOS-fasttrack.repo
[root@linux220 /etc/yum.repos.d]# vi hello.repo
[root@linux220 /etc/yum.repos.d]# cat hello.repo
[hello]
name=hello
description=Test Yum Repository
baseurl=http://172.16.6.220/packages
enabled=1
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=http://172.16.6.220/packages/RPM-GPG-KEY-test
[root@linux220 /etc/yum.repos.d]# yum -y install hello
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
* base: ftp.daumkakao.com
* extras: ftp.daumkakao.com
* updates: ftp.daumkakao.com
hello | 951 B 00:00
hello/primary | 668 B 00:00
hello 1/1
Setting up Install Process
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package hello.i386 0:1.0-1 set to be updated
--> Finished Dependency Resolution
Dependencies Resolved
=============================================================================================================================
Package Arch Version Repository Size
=============================================================================================================================
Installing:
hello i386 1.0-1 hello 2.2 k
Package Arch Version Repository Size
=============================================================================================================================
Installing:
hello i386 1.0-1 hello 2.2 k
Transaction Summary
=============================================================================================================================
Install 1 Package(s)
Upgrade 0 Package(s)
=============================================================================================================================
Install 1 Package(s)
Upgrade 0 Package(s)
Total download size: 2.2 k
Downloading Packages:
hello-1.0-1.i386.rpm | 2.2 kB 00:00
경고: rpmts_HdrFromFdno: Header V3 DSA signature: NOKEY, key ID 9d56c394
hello/gpgkey | 1.7 kB 00:00
Importing GPG key 0x9D56C394 "Yun, Jinsik (null) <dodogau@naver.com>" from http://172.16.6.220/packages/RPM-GPG-KEY-test
Running rpm_check_debug
Running Transaction Test
Finished Transaction Test
Transaction Test Succeeded
Running Transaction
Installing : hello 1/1
Downloading Packages:
hello-1.0-1.i386.rpm | 2.2 kB 00:00
경고: rpmts_HdrFromFdno: Header V3 DSA signature: NOKEY, key ID 9d56c394
hello/gpgkey | 1.7 kB 00:00
Importing GPG key 0x9D56C394 "Yun, Jinsik (null) <dodogau@naver.com>" from http://172.16.6.220/packages/RPM-GPG-KEY-test
Running rpm_check_debug
Running Transaction Test
Finished Transaction Test
Transaction Test Succeeded
Running Transaction
Installing : hello 1/1
Installed:
hello.i386 0:1.0-1
hello.i386 0:1.0-1
Complete!
[root@linux220 /etc/yum.repos.d]# hello.sh
This is a test.
[root@linux220 /etc/yum.repos.d]# hello.sh
This is a test.
________________________
/ \
| |
| 야 !! 공부좀 해라!!! |
| |
\________________________/
\
\
(__)
(oo)______
(__) )\
||---|| *
|| ||
/ \
| |
| 야 !! 공부좀 해라!!! |
| |
\________________________/
\
\
(__)
(oo)______
(__) )\
||---|| *
|| ||
(복원)
[root@linux220 /etc/yum.repos.d]# vi hello.repo
[root@linux220 /etc/yum.repos.d]# cat hello.repo
[hello]
name=hello
description=Test Yum Repository
baseurl=http://172.16.6.220/packages
enabled=0
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=http://172.16.6.220/packages/RPM-GPG-KEY-test
[root@linux220 /etc/yum.repos.d]# cat hello.repo
[hello]
name=hello
description=Test Yum Repository
baseurl=http://172.16.6.220/packages
enabled=0
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=http://172.16.6.220/packages/RPM-GPG-KEY-test
Boot Sequence
리눅스 부팅 과정
Phase 0 : 전원 스위티 ON 단계
Ÿ 시스템 전원공급 Ÿ 메인보드의 ROM-BIOS에 있는 BIOS프로그램 자동실행 한다.
Ÿ BIOS 프로그램은 전원공급과 함께 메모리의 특정번지(예:FFFF0H)에 자동 로드된다.
Ÿ CPU는 전원공급과 함께 특정번지(예:FFFF0H)의 BIOS프로그램(명령들)을 자동실행 한다
Ÿ 시스템 전원공급 Ÿ 메인보드의 ROM-BIOS에 있는 BIOS프로그램 자동실행 한다.
Ÿ BIOS 프로그램은 전원공급과 함께 메모리의 특정번지(예:FFFF0H)에 자동 로드된다.
Ÿ CPU는 전원공급과 함께 특정번지(예:FFFF0H)의 BIOS프로그램(명령들)을 자동실행 한다
Phase 1 : BIOS(Basic Input/Output System) 단계 / 펌웨어단계
Ÿ 자체진단기능(POST(Power On Self Test))
Ÿ CMOS검사, CPU, MEMORY, 그래픽카드, 키보드, 마우스등 각종 장치들의 이상 유무를 검사하고 이들 장치(하드웨어들)을 초기화시킨다.
Ÿ 부팅매체검색과 부트로더 실행 Ÿ POST과정이 이상 없이 진행 완료되면 검색된 부팅매체(하드디스크, CD-ROM, 플로피 디스크등)에서 부 트로더(예:GRUB, LILO)를 불러들인다.
Ÿ 즉, 예를들어 하드디스크가 부팅매체로 선택되었다면 하드디스크의 부팅파티션에 있는 0번섹터 (대부분 MBR이라고도 함)에 있는 부트로더(Boot Loader, 즉, GRUB)을 읽어 들이게 된다.
Ÿ 부트로더(GRUB)가 메모리에 적재되면 BIOS는 종료되고, 시스템 제어권은 부트로더(GRUB)이 갖게 된다.
Ÿ 자체진단기능(POST(Power On Self Test))
Ÿ CMOS검사, CPU, MEMORY, 그래픽카드, 키보드, 마우스등 각종 장치들의 이상 유무를 검사하고 이들 장치(하드웨어들)을 초기화시킨다.
Ÿ 부팅매체검색과 부트로더 실행 Ÿ POST과정이 이상 없이 진행 완료되면 검색된 부팅매체(하드디스크, CD-ROM, 플로피 디스크등)에서 부 트로더(예:GRUB, LILO)를 불러들인다.
Ÿ 즉, 예를들어 하드디스크가 부팅매체로 선택되었다면 하드디스크의 부팅파티션에 있는 0번섹터 (대부분 MBR이라고도 함)에 있는 부트로더(Boot Loader, 즉, GRUB)을 읽어 들이게 된다.
Ÿ 부트로더(GRUB)가 메모리에 적재되면 BIOS는 종료되고, 시스템 제어권은 부트로더(GRUB)이 갖게 된다.
Phase 2 : 부트로드(Boot Loader, GRUB) 단계
Ÿ 리눅스에서 사용하는 부트로더는 LILO(Linux Loader)나 GRUB가 있다.
Ÿ 만약 부팅로더로 GRUB를 사용하고 있다면, GRUB은 실행과 함께 /boot/grub/grub.conf파일을 읽어서 어떤 부팅메 뉴(커널)로 부팅을 할 것인가를 결정하게 된다. (자동결정 또는 사용자선택) 이 화면이 GRUB이 화면(파란화 면)에 나타나는 첫 번째 화면이다.
Ÿ GRUB은 커널(kernel)이미지를 불러들이고 시스템 제어권을 커널에게 넘겨준다.
Ÿ 리눅스에서 사용하는 부트로더는 LILO(Linux Loader)나 GRUB가 있다.
Ÿ 만약 부팅로더로 GRUB를 사용하고 있다면, GRUB은 실행과 함께 /boot/grub/grub.conf파일을 읽어서 어떤 부팅메 뉴(커널)로 부팅을 할 것인가를 결정하게 된다. (자동결정 또는 사용자선택) 이 화면이 GRUB이 화면(파란화 면)에 나타나는 첫 번째 화면이다.
Ÿ GRUB은 커널(kernel)이미지를 불러들이고 시스템 제어권을 커널에게 넘겨준다.
MBR(Master Boot Record)
그림1
참조 http://forensic-proof.com/archives/435
그림1
참조 http://forensic-proof.com/archives/435
(2). GRUB(GRand Unified Bootloader)
Ÿ 환경 설정 파일 : /boot/grub/grub.conf(/etc/grub.conf)
Ÿ 실행 파일 : /sbin/grub
Ÿ 설정 옵션 :
Ÿ 환경 설정 파일 : /boot/grub/grub.conf(/etc/grub.conf)
Ÿ 실행 파일 : /sbin/grub
Ÿ 설정 옵션 :
/boot/grub/grub.conf
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
timeout=5 /* 부팅시 타임아웃 설정 */
default=0 /* 기본 부팅 레이블(예: 0)
hiddenmenu /* GRUB 메뉴 숨김 */
splashimage=(hd0,0)/bot/grub/splash.xpm.gz /* splashimage 위치 */
title CentOS (2.6.18-164.11.1.el5) /* 타이틀 */
root (hd0,0) /* root 파티션 위치 */
kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.18-164.11.1.el5 ro root=LABEL=/ rhgb quiet
initrd /boot/initrd-2.6.18-164.11.1.el5.img
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
timeout=5 /* 부팅시 타임아웃 설정 */
default=0 /* 기본 부팅 레이블(예: 0)
hiddenmenu /* GRUB 메뉴 숨김 */
splashimage=(hd0,0)/bot/grub/splash.xpm.gz /* splashimage 위치 */
title CentOS (2.6.18-164.11.1.el5) /* 타이틀 */
root (hd0,0) /* root 파티션 위치 */
kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.18-164.11.1.el5 ro root=LABEL=/ rhgb quiet
initrd /boot/initrd-2.6.18-164.11.1.el5.img
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ÿ GRUB 설치 : # /sbin/grub-install /dev/sda
Ÿ GRUB 삭제 :
(Linux 상에서 삭제) : # dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sda bs=446 count=1
(Windows 상에서 삭제) : # fdisk /mbr
Ÿ GRUB 삭제 :
(Linux 상에서 삭제) : # dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sda bs=446 count=1
(Windows 상에서 삭제) : # fdisk /mbr
Phase 3 : 커널(Ketnel) 단계
Ÿ /etc/grub/grub.conf 파일에 의해서 커널(vmlinuz)이 메모리상에서 실행되면, 하드웨어를 점검하고 /var/log/dmesg 파일에 기록을 한다.
Ÿ 루트 파일시스템(/)을 읽기 전용(Read Only)으로 마운트 한다. 만약 마운트 실패시 “커널 패닉” 메세지를 출력한다.
Ÿ 커널은 swapper프로세스(PID 0번)를 호출한다.
Ÿ swapper(PID 0번)는 커널이 사용할 각 장치드라이브들을 초기화하고 init프로세스(PID 1번)가 실행하게 된다.
Ÿ /sbin/init프로세스가 실행되면서 /etc/inittab파일을 읽어들여서 그 내용들을 차례대로 실행한다.
Ÿ /etc/grub/grub.conf 파일에 의해서 커널(vmlinuz)이 메모리상에서 실행되면, 하드웨어를 점검하고 /var/log/dmesg 파일에 기록을 한다.
Ÿ 루트 파일시스템(/)을 읽기 전용(Read Only)으로 마운트 한다. 만약 마운트 실패시 “커널 패닉” 메세지를 출력한다.
Ÿ 커널은 swapper프로세스(PID 0번)를 호출한다.
Ÿ swapper(PID 0번)는 커널이 사용할 각 장치드라이브들을 초기화하고 init프로세스(PID 1번)가 실행하게 된다.
Ÿ /sbin/init프로세스가 실행되면서 /etc/inittab파일을 읽어들여서 그 내용들을 차례대로 실행한다.
Phase 4 : init 단계
[root@linux220 ~]# cd /boot
[root@linux220 /boot]# ls
System.map-2.6.18-194.el5 config-2.6.18-409.el5 initrd-2.6.18-409.el5.img symvers-2.6.18-409.el5.gz
System.map-2.6.18-409.el5 grub message vmlinuz-2.6.18-194.el5
config-2.6.18-194.el5 initrd-2.6.18-194.el5.img symvers-2.6.18-194.el5.gz vmlinuz-2.6.18-409.el5
[root@linux220 /boot]# cd grub
[root@linux220 /boot/grub]# ls
device.map ffs_stage1_5 jfs_stage1_5 reiserfs_stage1_5 stage2 xfs_stage1_5
e2fs_stage1_5 grub.conf menu.lst splash.xpm.gz ufs2_stage1_5
fat_stage1_5 iso9660_stage1_5 minix_stage1_5 stage1 vstafs_stage1_5
[root@linux220 /boot/grub]# ls -l grub.conf menu.lst
-rw------- 1 root root 748 4월 27 17:04 grub.conf
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 11 4월 12 03:41 menu.lst -> ./grub.conf
[root@linux220 /boot/grub]# vi grub.conf
[root@linux220 /boot/grub]# cat grub.conf
# grub.conf generated by anaconda
#
# Note that you do not have to rerun grub after making changes to this file
# NOTICE: You do not have a /boot partition. This means that
# all kernel and initrd paths are relative to /, eg.
# root (hd0,0)
# kernel /boot/vmlinuz-version ro root=/dev/sda1
# initrd /boot/initrd-version.img
#boot=/dev/sda
default=0
timeout=5
splashimage=(hd0,0)/boot/grub/splash.xpm.gz
hiddenmenu
title CentOS (2.6.18-409.el5)
root (hd0,0)
kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.18-409.el5 ro root=LABEL=/ rhgb quiet
initrd /boot/initrd-2.6.18-409.el5.img
title CentOS (2.6.18-194.el5)
root (hd0,0)
kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.18-194.el5 ro root=LABEL=/ rhgb quiet
initrd /boot/initrd-2.6.18-194.el5.img
[root@linux220 /boot]# ls
System.map-2.6.18-194.el5 config-2.6.18-409.el5 initrd-2.6.18-409.el5.img symvers-2.6.18-409.el5.gz
System.map-2.6.18-409.el5 grub message vmlinuz-2.6.18-194.el5
config-2.6.18-194.el5 initrd-2.6.18-194.el5.img symvers-2.6.18-194.el5.gz vmlinuz-2.6.18-409.el5
[root@linux220 /boot]# cd grub
[root@linux220 /boot/grub]# ls
device.map ffs_stage1_5 jfs_stage1_5 reiserfs_stage1_5 stage2 xfs_stage1_5
e2fs_stage1_5 grub.conf menu.lst splash.xpm.gz ufs2_stage1_5
fat_stage1_5 iso9660_stage1_5 minix_stage1_5 stage1 vstafs_stage1_5
[root@linux220 /boot/grub]# ls -l grub.conf menu.lst
-rw------- 1 root root 748 4월 27 17:04 grub.conf
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 11 4월 12 03:41 menu.lst -> ./grub.conf
[root@linux220 /boot/grub]# vi grub.conf
[root@linux220 /boot/grub]# cat grub.conf
# grub.conf generated by anaconda
#
# Note that you do not have to rerun grub after making changes to this file
# NOTICE: You do not have a /boot partition. This means that
# all kernel and initrd paths are relative to /, eg.
# root (hd0,0)
# kernel /boot/vmlinuz-version ro root=/dev/sda1
# initrd /boot/initrd-version.img
#boot=/dev/sda
default=0
timeout=5
splashimage=(hd0,0)/boot/grub/splash.xpm.gz
hiddenmenu
title CentOS (2.6.18-409.el5)
root (hd0,0)
kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.18-409.el5 ro root=LABEL=/ rhgb quiet
initrd /boot/initrd-2.6.18-409.el5.img
title CentOS (2.6.18-194.el5)
root (hd0,0)
kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.18-194.el5 ro root=LABEL=/ rhgb quiet
initrd /boot/initrd-2.6.18-194.el5.img
[EX] /sbin/init 데몬 확인
[root@linux220 /boot/grub]# pstree | more
init-+-VGAuthService
|-acpid
|-atd
|-auditd-+-audispd---{audispd}
| `-{auditd}
|-automount---4*[{automount}]
|-avahi-daemon---avahi-daemon
|-bonobo-activati---{bonobo-activati}
|-bt-applet
|-clock-applet
|-crond
|-cupsd
|-2*[dbus-daemon]
|-dbus-launch
|-eggcups
|-escd---{escd}
|-events/0
|-events/1
|-events/2
|-events/3
|-gam_server
|-gconfd-2
|-gdm-binary---gdm-binary-+-Xorg
| `-gnome-session-+-Xsession
| `-ssh-agent
|-gdm-rh-security
|-gnome-keyring-d
|-gnome-panel
|-gnome-power-man
|-gnome-screensav
|-gnome-settings----{gnome-settings-}
|-gnome-terminal-+-bash-+-more
| | `-pstree
| |-gnome-pty-helpe
| `-{gnome-terminal}
|-gnome-vfs-daemo
|-gnome-volume-ma
|-gpm
|-hald---hald-runner-+-hald-addon-acpi
| |-hald-addon-keyb
[root@linux220 /boot/grub]# ps -ef | head -20
UID PID PPID C STIME TTY TIME CMD
root 1 0 0 17:46 ? 00:00:00 init [5]
root 2 1 0 17:46 ? 00:00:00 [migration/0]
root 3 1 0 17:46 ? 00:00:00 [ksoftirqd/0]
root 4 1 0 17:46 ? 00:00:00 [migration/1]
root 5 1 0 17:46 ? 00:00:00 [ksoftirqd/1]
root 6 1 0 17:46 ? 00:00:00 [migration/2]
root 7 1 0 17:46 ? 00:00:00 [ksoftirqd/2]
root 8 1 0 17:46 ? 00:00:00 [migration/3]
root 9 1 0 17:46 ? 00:00:00 [ksoftirqd/3]
root 10 1 0 17:46 ? 00:00:00 [events/0]
root 11 1 0 17:46 ? 00:00:00 [events/1]
root 12 1 0 17:46 ? 00:00:00 [events/2]
root 13 1 0 17:46 ? 00:00:00 [events/3]
root 14 1 0 17:46 ? 00:00:00 [khelper]
root 15 1 0 17:46 ? 00:00:00 [kthread]
root 21 15 0 17:46 ? 00:00:00 [kblockd/0]
root 22 15 0 17:46 ? 00:00:00 [kblockd/1]
root 23 15 0 17:46 ? 00:00:00 [kblockd/2]
root 24 15 0 17:46 ? 00:00:00 [kblockd/3]
init-+-VGAuthService
|-acpid
|-atd
|-auditd-+-audispd---{audispd}
| `-{auditd}
|-automount---4*[{automount}]
|-avahi-daemon---avahi-daemon
|-bonobo-activati---{bonobo-activati}
|-bt-applet
|-clock-applet
|-crond
|-cupsd
|-2*[dbus-daemon]
|-dbus-launch
|-eggcups
|-escd---{escd}
|-events/0
|-events/1
|-events/2
|-events/3
|-gam_server
|-gconfd-2
|-gdm-binary---gdm-binary-+-Xorg
| `-gnome-session-+-Xsession
| `-ssh-agent
|-gdm-rh-security
|-gnome-keyring-d
|-gnome-panel
|-gnome-power-man
|-gnome-screensav
|-gnome-settings----{gnome-settings-}
|-gnome-terminal-+-bash-+-more
| | `-pstree
| |-gnome-pty-helpe
| `-{gnome-terminal}
|-gnome-vfs-daemo
|-gnome-volume-ma
|-gpm
|-hald---hald-runner-+-hald-addon-acpi
| |-hald-addon-keyb
[root@linux220 /boot/grub]# ps -ef | head -20
UID PID PPID C STIME TTY TIME CMD
root 1 0 0 17:46 ? 00:00:00 init [5]
root 2 1 0 17:46 ? 00:00:00 [migration/0]
root 3 1 0 17:46 ? 00:00:00 [ksoftirqd/0]
root 4 1 0 17:46 ? 00:00:00 [migration/1]
root 5 1 0 17:46 ? 00:00:00 [ksoftirqd/1]
root 6 1 0 17:46 ? 00:00:00 [migration/2]
root 7 1 0 17:46 ? 00:00:00 [ksoftirqd/2]
root 8 1 0 17:46 ? 00:00:00 [migration/3]
root 9 1 0 17:46 ? 00:00:00 [ksoftirqd/3]
root 10 1 0 17:46 ? 00:00:00 [events/0]
root 11 1 0 17:46 ? 00:00:00 [events/1]
root 12 1 0 17:46 ? 00:00:00 [events/2]
root 13 1 0 17:46 ? 00:00:00 [events/3]
root 14 1 0 17:46 ? 00:00:00 [khelper]
root 15 1 0 17:46 ? 00:00:00 [kthread]
root 21 15 0 17:46 ? 00:00:00 [kblockd/0]
root 22 15 0 17:46 ? 00:00:00 [kblockd/1]
root 23 15 0 17:46 ? 00:00:00 [kblockd/2]
root 24 15 0 17:46 ? 00:00:00 [kblockd/3]
-> /sbin/init 프로세스가 모든 프로세스의 부모 프로세스라는 것을 알수 있다.
-> /sbin/init 프로세스는 PID 1번을 할당 받는다.
(2) /etc/inittab 파일
Ÿ /etc/inittab 파일은 /sbin/init 데몬이 읽어 들이는 설정 파일이다.
Ÿ 이 파일안에는 부팅시에 시스템을 초기화 하는 과정에 대한 전반적인 정보를 담는다.
[root@linux220 /boot/grub]# cat /etc/inittab
#
# inittab This file describes how the INIT process should set up
# the system in a certain run-level.
#
# Author: Miquel van Smoorenburg, <miquels@drinkel.nl.mugnet.org>
# Modified for RHS Linux by Marc Ewing and Donnie Barnes
#
# Default runlevel. The runlevels used by RHS are:
# 0 - halt (Do NOT set initdefault to this)
# 1 - Single user mode
# 2 - Multiuser, without NFS (The same as 3, if you do not have networking)
# 3 - Full multiuser mode
# 4 - unused
# 5 - X11
# 6 - reboot (Do NOT set initdefault to this)
#
id:5:initdefault:
# 0 - halt (Do NOT set initdefault to this)
# 1 - Single user mode
# 2 - Multiuser, without NFS (The same as 3, if you do not have networking)
# 3 - Full multiuser mode
# 4 - unused
# 5 - X11
# 6 - reboot (Do NOT set initdefault to this)
#
id:5:initdefault:
# System initialization.
si::sysinit:/etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit
si::sysinit:/etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit
l0:0:wait:/etc/rc.d/rc 0
l1:1:wait:/etc/rc.d/rc 1
l2:2:wait:/etc/rc.d/rc 2
l3:3:wait:/etc/rc.d/rc 3
l4:4:wait:/etc/rc.d/rc 4
l5:5:wait:/etc/rc.d/rc 5
l6:6:wait:/etc/rc.d/rc 6
l1:1:wait:/etc/rc.d/rc 1
l2:2:wait:/etc/rc.d/rc 2
l3:3:wait:/etc/rc.d/rc 3
l4:4:wait:/etc/rc.d/rc 4
l5:5:wait:/etc/rc.d/rc 5
l6:6:wait:/etc/rc.d/rc 6
# Trap CTRL-ALT-DELETE
ca::ctrlaltdel:/sbin/shutdown -t3 -r now
ca::ctrlaltdel:/sbin/shutdown -t3 -r now
# When our UPS tells us power has failed, assume we have a few minutes
# of power left. Schedule a shutdown for 2 minutes from now.
# This does, of course, assume you have powerd installed and your
# UPS connected and working correctly.
pf::powerfail:/sbin/shutdown -f -h +2 "Power Failure; System Shutting Down"
# of power left. Schedule a shutdown for 2 minutes from now.
# This does, of course, assume you have powerd installed and your
# UPS connected and working correctly.
pf::powerfail:/sbin/shutdown -f -h +2 "Power Failure; System Shutting Down"
# If power was restored before the shutdown kicked in, cancel it.
pr:12345:powerokwait:/sbin/shutdown -c "Power Restored; Shutdown Cancelled"
pr:12345:powerokwait:/sbin/shutdown -c "Power Restored; Shutdown Cancelled"
# Run gettys in standard runlevels
1:2345:respawn:/sbin/mingetty tty1
2:2345:respawn:/sbin/mingetty tty2
3:2345:respawn:/sbin/mingetty tty3
4:2345:respawn:/sbin/mingetty tty4
5:2345:respawn:/sbin/mingetty tty5
6:2345:respawn:/sbin/mingetty tty6
# Run xdm in runlevel 5
x:5:respawn:/etc/X11/prefdm -nodaemon
x:5:respawn:/etc/X11/prefdm -nodaemon
UPS : Uninterruptible Power Supply system(무정전 전원장치)
기본적으로 전력반도체를 사용한 UPS 에는 다음 4가지가 무조건 존재한다.
Utility Power 를 공급받아 정류하여 내부 회로에 공급하는 정류기
비상시를 대비해 전력을 저장해두는 배터리
Utility Power 가 Black-out 되거나 Sag 를 일으키며 stabilizing 되지 않을 때 Critical Circuit 으로 전원을 만들어 넘겨 줄 인버터
Normal(offline,line-interactive 한정), failure bypass 용 Auto-transfer switch
Utility Power 를 공급받아 정류하여 내부 회로에 공급하는 정류기
비상시를 대비해 전력을 저장해두는 배터리
Utility Power 가 Black-out 되거나 Sag 를 일으키며 stabilizing 되지 않을 때 Critical Circuit 으로 전원을 만들어 넘겨 줄 인버터
Normal(offline,line-interactive 한정), failure bypass 용 Auto-transfer switch
[root@linux220 /boot/grub]# cd /etc/rc5.d
[root@linux220 /etc/rc5.d]# ls
K01dnsmasq K20rwhod K74nscd S07iscsid S18rpcidmapd S56cups
K02NetworkManager K20tomcat5 K74ntpd S08ip6tables S19rpcgssd S56rawdevices
K02avahi-dnsconfd K24irda K80kdump S08iptables S22messagebus S56xinetd
K02oddjobd K25squid K85mdmpd S08mcstrans S23setroubleshoot S57vmware-tools-thinprint
K03yum-updatesd K30spamassassin K87multipathd S09isdn S25bluetooth S80sendmail
K05conman K35dovecot K87named S10network S25netfs S85gpm
K05innd K35smb K88wpa_supplicant S11auditd S25pcscd S90crond
K05saslauthd K35vncserver K89dund S12restorecond S26acpid S90xfs
K05wdaemon K35winbind K89netplugd S12syslog S26apmd S95anacron
K10dc_server K50ibmasm K89pand S13cpuspeed S26haldaemon S95atd
K10psacct K50netconsole K89rdisc S13irqbalance S26hidd S96readahead_later
K10tcsd K50tux K91capi S13iscsi S26lvm2-monitor S98avahi-daemon
K12dc_client K50vsftpd S03vmware-tools S13portmap S28autofs S99firstboot
K15httpd K69rpcsvcgssd S04readahead_early S14nfslock S50hplip S99local
K20nfs K73ypbind S05kudzu S15mdmonitor S55sshd S99smartd
[root@linux220 /etc/rc5.d]# ls -l /etc/rc5.d/S55sshd
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 14 4월 21 17:50 /etc/rc5.d/S55sshd -> ../init.d/sshd
[root@linux220 /etc/rc5.d]# /etc/init.d/sshd restart
sshd 를 정지 중: [ OK ]
sshd (을)를 시작 중: [ OK ]
[root@linux220 /etc/rc5.d]# /etc/rc5.d/S55sshd restart
sshd 를 정지 중: [ OK ]
sshd (을)를 시작 중: [ OK ]
[root@linux220 /etc/rc5.d]# service sshd restart
sshd 를 정지 중: [ OK ]
sshd (을)를 시작 중: [ OK ]
[root@linux220 /etc/rc5.d]# cat /sbin/service | more
#!/bin/sh
. /etc/init.d/functions
VERSION="`basename $0` ver. 0.91"
USAGE="Usage: `basename $0` < option > | --status-all | \
[ service_name [ command | --full-restart ] ]"
SERVICE=
SERVICEDIR="/etc/init.d"
OPTIONS=
USAGE="Usage: `basename $0` < option > | --status-all | \
[ service_name [ command | --full-restart ] ]"
SERVICE=
SERVICEDIR="/etc/init.d"
OPTIONS=
if [ $# -eq 0 ]; then
echo "${USAGE}" >&2
exit 1
fi
echo "${USAGE}" >&2
exit 1
fi
cd /
while [ $# -gt 0 ]; do
case "${1}" in
--help | -h | --h* )
echo "${USAGE}" >&2
exit 0
;;
--version | -V )
echo "${VERSION}" >&2
exit 0
;;
*)
if [ -z "${SERVICE}" -a $# -eq 1 -a "${1}" = "--status-all" ]; then
cd ${SERVICEDIR}
for SERVICE in * ; do
case "${SERVICE}" in
functions | halt | killall | single| linuxconf| kudzu)
;;
*)
if ! is_ignored_file "${SERVICE}" \
&& [ -x "${SERVICEDIR}/${SERVICE}" ]; then
env -i LANG="$LANG" PATH="$PATH" TERM="$TERM" "${SERVICEDIR}/${SERVICE}" status
fi
;;
[root@linux220 /etc/rc5.d]# ls -l /etc/init.d
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 11 4월 12 03:34 /etc/init.d -> rc.d/init.d
[root@linux220 /etc/rc5.d]# cd /etc/init.d
[root@linux220 /etc/init.d]# ls
NetworkManager cups hsqldb kudzu nfslock rpcidmapd tomcat5
acpid cups-config-daemon httpd lvm2-monitor nscd rpcsvcgssd tux
anacron dc_client ibmasm mcstrans ntpd rwhod vmware-tools
apmd dc_server innd mdmonitor oddjobd saslauthd vmware-tools-thinprint
atd dnsmasq ip6tables mdmpd pand sendmail vncserver
auditd dovecot iptables messagebus pcscd setroubleshoot vsftpd
autofs dund irda microcode_ctl portmap single wdaemon
avahi-daemon firstboot irqbalance multipathd psacct smartd winbind
avahi-dnsconfd functions iscsi named rawdevices smb wpa_supplicant
bluetooth gpm iscsid netconsole rdisc spamassassin xfs
capi haldaemon isdn netfs readahead_early squid xinetd
conman halt kdump netplugd readahead_later sshd ypbind
cpuspeed hidd killall network restorecond syslog yum-updatesd
crond hplip krb524 nfs rpcgssd tcsd
[root@linux220 /etc/init.d]# cd /etc/rc.d/init.d
[root@linux220 /etc/rc.d/init.d]# ls
NetworkManager cups hsqldb kudzu nfslock rpcidmapd tomcat5
acpid cups-config-daemon httpd lvm2-monitor nscd rpcsvcgssd tux
anacron dc_client ibmasm mcstrans ntpd rwhod vmware-tools
apmd dc_server innd mdmonitor oddjobd saslauthd vmware-tools-thinprint
atd dnsmasq ip6tables mdmpd pand sendmail vncserver
auditd dovecot iptables messagebus pcscd setroubleshoot vsftpd
autofs dund irda microcode_ctl portmap single wdaemon
avahi-daemon firstboot irqbalance multipathd psacct smartd winbind
avahi-dnsconfd functions iscsi named rawdevices smb wpa_supplicant
bluetooth gpm iscsid netconsole rdisc spamassassin xfs
capi haldaemon isdn netfs readahead_early squid xinetd
conman halt kdump netplugd readahead_later sshd ypbind
cpuspeed hidd killall network restorecond syslog yum-updatesd
crond hplip krb524 nfs rpcgssd tcsd
[root@linux220 /etc/rc.d/init.d]# ls -li /etc/init.d/sshd
1309812 -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 3.4K 2월 23 2012 /etc/init.d/sshd
[root@linux220 /etc/rc.d/init.d]# ls -li /etc/rc.d/init.d/sshd
1309812 -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 3.4K 2월 23 2012 /etc/rc.d/init.d/sshd
while [ $# -gt 0 ]; do
case "${1}" in
--help | -h | --h* )
echo "${USAGE}" >&2
exit 0
;;
--version | -V )
echo "${VERSION}" >&2
exit 0
;;
*)
if [ -z "${SERVICE}" -a $# -eq 1 -a "${1}" = "--status-all" ]; then
cd ${SERVICEDIR}
for SERVICE in * ; do
case "${SERVICE}" in
functions | halt | killall | single| linuxconf| kudzu)
;;
*)
if ! is_ignored_file "${SERVICE}" \
&& [ -x "${SERVICEDIR}/${SERVICE}" ]; then
env -i LANG="$LANG" PATH="$PATH" TERM="$TERM" "${SERVICEDIR}/${SERVICE}" status
fi
;;
[root@linux220 /etc/rc5.d]# ls -l /etc/init.d
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 11 4월 12 03:34 /etc/init.d -> rc.d/init.d
[root@linux220 /etc/rc5.d]# cd /etc/init.d
[root@linux220 /etc/init.d]# ls
NetworkManager cups hsqldb kudzu nfslock rpcidmapd tomcat5
acpid cups-config-daemon httpd lvm2-monitor nscd rpcsvcgssd tux
anacron dc_client ibmasm mcstrans ntpd rwhod vmware-tools
apmd dc_server innd mdmonitor oddjobd saslauthd vmware-tools-thinprint
atd dnsmasq ip6tables mdmpd pand sendmail vncserver
auditd dovecot iptables messagebus pcscd setroubleshoot vsftpd
autofs dund irda microcode_ctl portmap single wdaemon
avahi-daemon firstboot irqbalance multipathd psacct smartd winbind
avahi-dnsconfd functions iscsi named rawdevices smb wpa_supplicant
bluetooth gpm iscsid netconsole rdisc spamassassin xfs
capi haldaemon isdn netfs readahead_early squid xinetd
conman halt kdump netplugd readahead_later sshd ypbind
cpuspeed hidd killall network restorecond syslog yum-updatesd
crond hplip krb524 nfs rpcgssd tcsd
[root@linux220 /etc/init.d]# cd /etc/rc.d/init.d
[root@linux220 /etc/rc.d/init.d]# ls
NetworkManager cups hsqldb kudzu nfslock rpcidmapd tomcat5
acpid cups-config-daemon httpd lvm2-monitor nscd rpcsvcgssd tux
anacron dc_client ibmasm mcstrans ntpd rwhod vmware-tools
apmd dc_server innd mdmonitor oddjobd saslauthd vmware-tools-thinprint
atd dnsmasq ip6tables mdmpd pand sendmail vncserver
auditd dovecot iptables messagebus pcscd setroubleshoot vsftpd
autofs dund irda microcode_ctl portmap single wdaemon
avahi-daemon firstboot irqbalance multipathd psacct smartd winbind
avahi-dnsconfd functions iscsi named rawdevices smb wpa_supplicant
bluetooth gpm iscsid netconsole rdisc spamassassin xfs
capi haldaemon isdn netfs readahead_early squid xinetd
conman halt kdump netplugd readahead_later sshd ypbind
cpuspeed hidd killall network restorecond syslog yum-updatesd
crond hplip krb524 nfs rpcgssd tcsd
[root@linux220 /etc/rc.d/init.d]# ls -li /etc/init.d/sshd
1309812 -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 3.4K 2월 23 2012 /etc/init.d/sshd
[root@linux220 /etc/rc.d/init.d]# ls -li /etc/rc.d/init.d/sshd
1309812 -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 3.4K 2월 23 2012 /etc/rc.d/init.d/sshd
(2-4-3) 현재 실행되는 스크립트와 부팅시 실행되는 스크립트
Ÿ (부팅시 실행할 스크립트) /etc/rc#.d/script
Ÿ (현재 실행할 스크립트) /etc/init.d/script or /etc/rc.d/init.d/script
Ÿ (부팅시 실행할 스크립트) /etc/rc#.d/script
Ÿ (현재 실행할 스크립트) /etc/init.d/script or /etc/rc.d/init.d/script
부팅시에 특정한 서비스를 설정하기 위해서는 다음과 같은 툴을 사용할 수 있다.
Ÿ (TUI) /usr/sbin/ntsysv (/usr/sbin/setup)
Ÿ (TUI) /sbin/chkconfig
Ÿ (GUI) /usr/sbin/system-config-services (/usr/sbin/serviceconf)
[EX1] ntsysv 명령어의 동작 원리
Ÿ ntsysv 명령어는 단순하게 /etc/rc#.d 디렉토리 안의 스크립트를 관리 해 주는 것이다.
/etc/rc#.d 디렉토리안의 S##로 시작하는 스크립트나 K##로 시작하는 스크립트들의 이름을 변환하는 역할을 가진다.
Ÿ 따라서, /etc/rc#.d 디렉토리 안의 스크립트이름을 S##에서 K##으로 변경되었다고 해서 현재 적용되는 것은 아니고 부팅시에 적용이 되는 것이다. 현재 서비스를 start/stop 하기 위해서는 /etc/init.d/script를 사용한 다.
Ÿ ntsysv 명령어는 단순하게 /etc/rc#.d 디렉토리 안의 스크립트를 관리 해 주는 것이다.
/etc/rc#.d 디렉토리안의 S##로 시작하는 스크립트나 K##로 시작하는 스크립트들의 이름을 변환하는 역할을 가진다.
Ÿ 따라서, /etc/rc#.d 디렉토리 안의 스크립트이름을 S##에서 K##으로 변경되었다고 해서 현재 적용되는 것은 아니고 부팅시에 적용이 되는 것이다. 현재 서비스를 start/stop 하기 위해서는 /etc/init.d/script를 사용한 다.
[root@linux220 /etc/rc.d/init.d]# ntsysv
[root@linux220 /etc/rc.d/init.d]# cd /etc/rc5.d
[root@linux220 /etc/rc5.d]# ls *sshd*
K25sshd
[root@linux220 /etc/rc5.d]# ntsysv
[root@linux220 /etc/rc5.d]# ls *sshd*
S55sshd
(실무 예) sshd 서버스 Open
(현재) # service sshd start
(부팅) # chkconfig sshd on
[root@linux220 /etc/rc5.d]# chkconfig --list | grep sshd
sshd 0:해제 1:해제 2:활성 3:활성 4:활성 5:활성 6:해제
[root@linux220 /etc/rc5.d]# chkconfig sshd off
[root@linux220 /etc/rc5.d]# ls *sshd*
K25sshd
[root@linux220 /etc/rc5.d]# chkconfig sshd on
[root@linux220 /etc/rc5.d]# ls *sshd*
S55sshd
sshd 0:해제 1:해제 2:활성 3:활성 4:활성 5:활성 6:해제
[root@linux220 /etc/rc5.d]# chkconfig sshd off
[root@linux220 /etc/rc5.d]# ls *sshd*
K25sshd
[root@linux220 /etc/rc5.d]# chkconfig sshd on
[root@linux220 /etc/rc5.d]# ls *sshd*
S55sshd
init(/etc/inittab)
-> /etc/rc.d/rc 5
|
V
/etc/rc5.d/S55sshd <----------> /etc/init.d/sshd, /etc/rc.d/init.d/sshd
A A
| |
# chkconfig sshd on/off # service sshd start/stop/restart
# /etc/init.d/sshd start/stop/restart
# /etc/rc.d/init.d/sshd start/stop/restart
-> /etc/rc.d/rc 5
|
V
/etc/rc5.d/S55sshd <----------> /etc/init.d/sshd, /etc/rc.d/init.d/sshd
A A
| |
# chkconfig sshd on/off # service sshd start/stop/restart
# /etc/init.d/sshd start/stop/restart
# /etc/rc.d/init.d/sshd start/stop/restart
[root@linux220 /etc/rc5.d]# chkconfig sshd off
[root@linux220 /etc/rc5.d]# service sshd stop
sshd 를 정지 중: [ OK ]
[root@linux220 /etc/rc5.d]# service sshd start
sshd (을)를 시작 중: [ OK ]
[EX2] 부팅시에 사용자 스크립트/명령어를 실행하는 방법
Ÿ 리눅스에서 부팅시에 사용자 스크립트/명령어를 실행하기 위해서는 /etc/rc#.d/S##local 스크립트를 사용한다.
(예: /etc/rc5.d/S99local)
Ÿ /etc/rc5.d/S99local 스크립트는 /etc/init.d, /etc/rc.d/init.d 디렉토리안의 스크립트에 연결되어 있지 않다.
따라서 /etc/rc5.d/S99local 스크립트에 들어 있는 내용은 부팅시에만 실행할 내용을 담는다.
(예: /etc/rc5.d/S99local)
Ÿ /etc/rc5.d/S99local 스크립트는 /etc/init.d, /etc/rc.d/init.d 디렉토리안의 스크립트에 연결되어 있지 않다.
따라서 /etc/rc5.d/S99local 스크립트에 들어 있는 내용은 부팅시에만 실행할 내용을 담는다.
# cat /etc/rc5.d/S99local (/etc/rc.local, /etc/rc.d/init.d/rc.local)
[root@linux220 ~]# cat /etc/rc5.d/S99local
#!/bin/sh
#
# This script will be executed *after* all the other init scripts.
# You can put your own initialization stuff in here if you don't
# want to do the full Sys V style init stuff.
touch /var/lock/subsys/local
[root@linux220 ~]# ls /etc/init.d/*local*
ls: /etc/init.d/*local*: 그런 파일이나 디렉토리가 없음
[root@linux220 ~]# ls /etc/rc.d/init.d/*local*
ls: /etc/rc.d/init.d/*local*: 그런 파일이나 디렉토리가 없음
[root@linux220 ~]# ls /etc/init.d/*local*
ls: /etc/init.d/*local*: 그런 파일이나 디렉토리가 없음
[root@linux220 ~]# ls /etc/rc.d/init.d/*local*
ls: /etc/rc.d/init.d/*local*: 그런 파일이나 디렉토리가 없음
부팅 과정(Booting Sequence) 실습
Ÿ GRUB 암호 설정 및 속성 정보 변경
[EX1] GRUB 암호 설정 및 속성 정보 실습
[EX1] GRUB 암호 설정 및 속성 정보 실습
부팅시 GRUB프로그램이 실행되면 5초가 사라지기 전에 아무키나 누르면 GRUB편집 상태로 되는 것을 확인해 볼 수가 있다.
이때 부팅시 일반 사용자들도 GRUB상태만 편집하여 싱글유저 모드로 설정하여 재부팅을 하면 시스템을 관리 자 권한으로 변경 할 수가 있게 된다.
이를 방지하기 위해 GRUB를 편집 할 때 Password를 걸어 일반 사용자들 은 GRUB모드를 편집 할 수 없도록 설정 하도록 한다.
이때 부팅시 일반 사용자들도 GRUB상태만 편집하여 싱글유저 모드로 설정하여 재부팅을 하면 시스템을 관리 자 권한으로 변경 할 수가 있게 된다.
이를 방지하기 위해 GRUB를 편집 할 때 Password를 걸어 일반 사용자들 은 GRUB모드를 편집 할 수 없도록 설정 하도록 한다.
① GRUB 암호 생성
[root@linux220 ~]# grub
Probing devices to guess BIOS drives. This may take a long time.
Probing devices to guess BIOS drives. This may take a long time.
GNU GRUB version 0.97 (640K lower / 3072K upper memory)
[ Minimal BASH-like line editing is supported. For the first word, TAB
lists possible command completions. Anywhere else TAB lists the possible
completions of a device/filename.]
lists possible command completions. Anywhere else TAB lists the possible
completions of a device/filename.]
grub> help
blocklist FILE boot
cat FILE chainloader [--force] FILE
clear color NORMAL [HIGHLIGHT]
configfile FILE device DRIVE DEVICE
displayapm displaymem
find FILENAME geometry DRIVE [CYLINDER HEAD SECTOR [
halt [--no-apm] help [--all] [PATTERN ...]
hide PARTITION initrd FILE [ARG ...]
kernel [--no-mem-option] [--type=TYPE] makeactive
map TO_DRIVE FROM_DRIVE md5crypt
module FILE [ARG ...] modulenounzip FILE [ARG ...]
pager [FLAG] partnew PART TYPE START LEN
parttype PART TYPE quit
reboot root [DEVICE [HDBIAS]]
rootnoverify [DEVICE [HDBIAS]] serial [--unit=UNIT] [--port=PORT] [--
setkey [TO_KEY FROM_KEY] setup [--prefix=DIR] [--stage2=STAGE2_
terminal [--dumb] [--no-echo] [--no-ed terminfo [--name=NAME --cursor-address
testvbe MODE unhide PARTITION
uppermem KBYTES vbeprobe [MODE]
blocklist FILE boot
cat FILE chainloader [--force] FILE
clear color NORMAL [HIGHLIGHT]
configfile FILE device DRIVE DEVICE
displayapm displaymem
find FILENAME geometry DRIVE [CYLINDER HEAD SECTOR [
halt [--no-apm] help [--all] [PATTERN ...]
hide PARTITION initrd FILE [ARG ...]
kernel [--no-mem-option] [--type=TYPE] makeactive
map TO_DRIVE FROM_DRIVE md5crypt
module FILE [ARG ...] modulenounzip FILE [ARG ...]
pager [FLAG] partnew PART TYPE START LEN
parttype PART TYPE quit
reboot root [DEVICE [HDBIAS]]
rootnoverify [DEVICE [HDBIAS]] serial [--unit=UNIT] [--port=PORT] [--
setkey [TO_KEY FROM_KEY] setup [--prefix=DIR] [--stage2=STAGE2_
terminal [--dumb] [--no-echo] [--no-ed terminfo [--name=NAME --cursor-address
testvbe MODE unhide PARTITION
uppermem KBYTES vbeprobe [MODE]
grub> help md5crypt
md5crypt: md5crypt
Generate a password in MD5 format.
md5crypt: md5crypt
Generate a password in MD5 format.
grub> md5crypt
Password: ******
Encrypted: $1$dKCil$lBLc7gyEiBZm60WnSYNqd.
Encrypted: $1$dKCil$lBLc7gyEiBZm60WnSYNqd.
grub> quit
$1$MvASb1$ybxMVaG6G9vx3vqwPvRR/0
[root@linux220 ~]# vi /etc/grub.conf
[root@linux220 ~]# cat /etc/grub.conf
# grub.conf generated by anaconda
#
# Note that you do not have to rerun grub after making changes to this file
# NOTICE: You do not have a /boot partition. This means that
# all kernel and initrd paths are relative to /, eg.
# root (hd0,0)
# kernel /boot/vmlinuz-version ro root=/dev/sda1
# initrd /boot/initrd-version.img
#boot=/dev/sda
default=0
timeout=5
splashimage=(hd0,0)/boot/grub/splash.xpm.gz
#hiddenmenu
password --md5 $1$MvASb1$ybxMVaG6G9vx3vqwPvRR/0
title CentOS (2.6.18-409.el5) - JS, Yun
root (hd0,0)
kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.18-409.el5 ro root=LABEL=/ rhgb quiet
initrd /boot/initrd-2.6.18-409.el5.img
title CentOS (2.6.18-194.el5)
root (hd0,0)
kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.18-194.el5 ro root=LABEL=/ rhgb quiet
initrd /boot/initrd-2.6.18-194.el5.img
[root@linux220 ~]# reboot
[root@linux220 ~]# cat /etc/grub.conf
# grub.conf generated by anaconda
#
# Note that you do not have to rerun grub after making changes to this file
# NOTICE: You do not have a /boot partition. This means that
# all kernel and initrd paths are relative to /, eg.
# root (hd0,0)
# kernel /boot/vmlinuz-version ro root=/dev/sda1
# initrd /boot/initrd-version.img
#boot=/dev/sda
default=0
timeout=5
splashimage=(hd0,0)/boot/grub/splash.xpm.gz
#hiddenmenu
password --md5 $1$MvASb1$ybxMVaG6G9vx3vqwPvRR/0
title CentOS (2.6.18-409.el5) - JS, Yun
root (hd0,0)
kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.18-409.el5 ro root=LABEL=/ rhgb quiet
initrd /boot/initrd-2.6.18-409.el5.img
title CentOS (2.6.18-194.el5)
root (hd0,0)
kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.18-194.el5 ro root=LABEL=/ rhgb quiet
initrd /boot/initrd-2.6.18-194.el5.img
[root@linux220 ~]# reboot
그림2
-> 부팅화면에서 GRUB 라인 편집을 위해서 'e' 를 입력해도 편집할 수 없다.
-> 이것은 GRUB 암호를 입력했기 때문이다.
-> 따라서 GRUB 화면을 편집하기 위해서는 'p' 를 입력하고 GRUB 암호를 입력해야 한다.
-> 이것은 GRUB 암호를 입력했기 때문이다.
-> 따라서 GRUB 화면을 편집하기 위해서는 'p' 를 입력하고 GRUB 암호를 입력해야 한다.
p 눌렀을 때
그림3
④ GRUB 화면에서 'p' 입력 -> GRUB 암호 입력 -> [ENTER] 입력
그림4
-> GRUB 암호입력이 된후에는 원래 화면으로 다시 돌아오게 되고,
-> 이제 부터는 GRUB 화면을 편집하여 사용할 수 있게 되었다.
-> GRUB 화면을 편집하여 사용하기 위해서는 'e'라고 입력하고 편집하여 사용하면 된다.
-> 이제 부터는 GRUB 화면을 편집하여 사용할 수 있게 되었다.
-> GRUB 화면을 편집하여 사용하기 위해서는 'e'라고 입력하고 편집하여 사용하면 된다.
그림5
(원복) /etc/grub.conf 파일 복원
# vi /etc/grub.conf
......
#password --md5 $1$Dl27c1$sFG0nLlyzeUza47hSAgOL1
......
# vi /etc/grub.conf
......
#password --md5 $1$Dl27c1$sFG0nLlyzeUza47hSAgOL1
......
[EX2] 리눅스에 서비스 등록
■ standalone 방식의 추가
■ xinetd 방식의 추가
■ xinetd 방식의 추가
(요청) oracle 관리자/was 관리자
-> 운영체제가 부팅이 될때 was/oracle 소프트웨어를 같이 기동 시켜 달라.
-> 운영체제가 부팅이 될때 was/oracle 소프트웨어를 같이 기동 시켜 달라.
(요청) 소스 컴파일(EX: /usr/local/apache2)
-> (X) # /usr/local/apache2/bin/apachectl restart
-> (0) # service apache2 restart
# chkconfig apache2 on
-> (X) # /usr/local/apache2/bin/apachectl restart
-> (0) # service apache2 restart
# chkconfig apache2 on
(1) standalone 방식으로 새로운 서비스 추가
① /etc/init.d/new 스크립트 생성
#!/bin/bash
#
# chkconfig: 2345 55 25 /* # chkconfig new on -> 2/3/4/5 runlevel : on */
# description: Test Script /* /etc/rc5.d/S55new, /etc/rc5.d/K25new */
#
[root@linux220 ~]# cd /etc/init.d
[root@linux220 /etc/init.d]# ls
NetworkManager cups hsqldb kudzu nfslock rpcidmapd tomcat5
acpid cups-config-daemon httpd lvm2-monitor nscd rpcsvcgssd tux
anacron dc_client ibmasm mcstrans ntpd rwhod vmware-tools
apmd dc_server innd mdmonitor oddjobd saslauthd vmware-tools-thinprint
atd dnsmasq ip6tables mdmpd pand sendmail vncserver
auditd dovecot iptables messagebus pcscd setroubleshoot vsftpd
autofs dund irda microcode_ctl portmap single wdaemon
avahi-daemon firstboot irqbalance multipathd psacct smartd winbind
avahi-dnsconfd functions iscsi named rawdevices smb wpa_supplicant
bluetooth gpm iscsid netconsole rdisc spamassassin xfs
capi haldaemon isdn netfs readahead_early squid xinetd
conman halt kdump netplugd readahead_later sshd ypbind
cpuspeed hidd killall network restorecond syslog yum-updatesd
crond hplip krb524 nfs rpcgssd tcsd
[root@linux220 /etc/init.d]# cp sshd new
[root@linux220 /etc/init.d]# vi new
[root@linux220 /etc/init.d]# cat new
#!/bin/bash
#
# chkconfig: 2345 55 25
# description: Test Script
#
[root@linux220 /etc/init.d]# ls
NetworkManager cups hsqldb kudzu nfslock rpcidmapd tomcat5
acpid cups-config-daemon httpd lvm2-monitor nscd rpcsvcgssd tux
anacron dc_client ibmasm mcstrans ntpd rwhod vmware-tools
apmd dc_server innd mdmonitor oddjobd saslauthd vmware-tools-thinprint
atd dnsmasq ip6tables mdmpd pand sendmail vncserver
auditd dovecot iptables messagebus pcscd setroubleshoot vsftpd
autofs dund irda microcode_ctl portmap single wdaemon
avahi-daemon firstboot irqbalance multipathd psacct smartd winbind
avahi-dnsconfd functions iscsi named rawdevices smb wpa_supplicant
bluetooth gpm iscsid netconsole rdisc spamassassin xfs
capi haldaemon isdn netfs readahead_early squid xinetd
conman halt kdump netplugd readahead_later sshd ypbind
cpuspeed hidd killall network restorecond syslog yum-updatesd
crond hplip krb524 nfs rpcgssd tcsd
[root@linux220 /etc/init.d]# cp sshd new
[root@linux220 /etc/init.d]# vi new
[root@linux220 /etc/init.d]# cat new
#!/bin/bash
#
# chkconfig: 2345 55 25
# description: Test Script
#
case "$1" in
start)
echo 1111 > /test/echo.start
echo "[ OK ] start"
;;
stop)
echo 2222 > /test/echo.stop
echo "[ OK ] stop"
;;
restart)
echo 2222 > /test/echo.stop
echo "[ OK ] stop"
echo 1111 > /test/echo.start
echo "[ OK ] start"
;;
*)
echo $"Usage: $0 {start|stop|restart}"
RETVAL=1
esac
exit $RETVAL
[root@linux220 /etc/init.d]# chkconfig --add new
[root@linux220 /etc/init.d]# ls -l /etc/rc?.d/*new
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 13 4월 27 21:24 /etc/rc0.d/K25new -> ../init.d/new
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 13 4월 27 21:24 /etc/rc1.d/K25new -> ../init.d/new
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 13 4월 27 21:24 /etc/rc2.d/S55new -> ../init.d/new
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 13 4월 27 21:24 /etc/rc3.d/S55new -> ../init.d/new
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 13 4월 27 21:24 /etc/rc4.d/S55new -> ../init.d/new
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 13 4월 27 21:24 /etc/rc5.d/S55new -> ../init.d/new
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 13 4월 27 21:24 /etc/rc6.d/K25new -> ../init.d/new
[root@linux220 /etc/init.d]# chkconfig --list new
new 0:해제 1:해제 2:활성 3:활성 4:활성 5:활성 6:해제
[root@linux220 /etc/init.d]# service new restart
[ OK ] stop
[ OK ] start
[root@linux220 /etc/init.d]# ls -l /test/echo*
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 5 4월 27 21:27 /test/echo.start
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 5 4월 27 21:27 /test/echo.stop
start)
echo 1111 > /test/echo.start
echo "[ OK ] start"
;;
stop)
echo 2222 > /test/echo.stop
echo "[ OK ] stop"
;;
restart)
echo 2222 > /test/echo.stop
echo "[ OK ] stop"
echo 1111 > /test/echo.start
echo "[ OK ] start"
;;
*)
echo $"Usage: $0 {start|stop|restart}"
RETVAL=1
esac
exit $RETVAL
[root@linux220 /etc/init.d]# chkconfig --add new
[root@linux220 /etc/init.d]# ls -l /etc/rc?.d/*new
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 13 4월 27 21:24 /etc/rc0.d/K25new -> ../init.d/new
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 13 4월 27 21:24 /etc/rc1.d/K25new -> ../init.d/new
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 13 4월 27 21:24 /etc/rc2.d/S55new -> ../init.d/new
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 13 4월 27 21:24 /etc/rc3.d/S55new -> ../init.d/new
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 13 4월 27 21:24 /etc/rc4.d/S55new -> ../init.d/new
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 13 4월 27 21:24 /etc/rc5.d/S55new -> ../init.d/new
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 13 4월 27 21:24 /etc/rc6.d/K25new -> ../init.d/new
[root@linux220 /etc/init.d]# chkconfig --list new
new 0:해제 1:해제 2:활성 3:활성 4:활성 5:활성 6:해제
[root@linux220 /etc/init.d]# service new restart
[ OK ] stop
[ OK ] start
[root@linux220 /etc/init.d]# ls -l /test/echo*
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 5 4월 27 21:27 /test/echo.start
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 5 4월 27 21:27 /test/echo.stop
# chkconfig --list new
# rm -rf /test/*
# reboot
# rm -rf /test/*
# reboot
[root@linux220 ~]# ls -l /test/*
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 5 4월 27 21:30 /test/echo.start
[root@linux220 ~]# ls -l /test/*
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 5 4월 27 21:30 /test/echo.start
[root@linux220 ~]# ls -l /etc/rc5.d/S*new*
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 13 4월 27 21:24 /etc/rc5.d/S55new -> ../init.d/new
[EX3] GRUB 복구에 대해서("grub-install" 명령어 실습)
① VMWare 환경의 경우 - 스냅샷 생성 VMWare > VM > Snapshot > Take Snapshot
② GRUB 삭제
# dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sda bs=446 count=1
# reboot
# dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sda bs=446 count=1
# reboot
[root@linux220 ~]# dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sda bs=446 count=1
1+0 records in
1+0 records out
446 bytes (446 B) copied, 2.3175e-05 seconds, 19.2 MB/s
[root@linux220 ~]# reboot
그림6 (CD 부팅이 된 상태)
-> (원래는) 정상적으로 부팅이 되지 않는다......
Power Off
Power On To Firmware (F2)
부팅 우선순위 CD 를 디스크보다 위로 뒀음
CD 부팅이 됨 F5 복구모드
그림7
boot: linux rescue
..... 부팅 화면 .....
"choose a language" : OK
"Keyboad Type" : OK
"Setup Networking" : No
"Rescue" : Continue
: OK
"Keyboad Type" : OK
"Setup Networking" : No
"Rescue" : Continue
: OK
그림8
그림9
그림10
그림11
④ grub-install 명령어 수행 작업
# df –h
-> /mnt/sysimage 마운트 확인
-> /mnt/sysimage 마운트 확인
# fdisk –l /dev/sda
-> 이상이 없는 것을 확인(GRUB 메뉴만의 이상)
-> 이상이 없는 것을 확인(GRUB 메뉴만의 이상)
# cd /mnt/sysimage
# chroot /mnt/sysimage
# pwd
/
# ls
-> 변경된 root 파티션 확인
# chroot /mnt/sysimage
# pwd
/
# ls
-> 변경된 root 파티션 확인
# cat /boot/grub/grub.conf
-> 내용에는 이상이 없음(grub.conf 파일은 정상적으로 보임)
-> 내용에는 이상이 없음(grub.conf 파일은 정상적으로 보임)
# grub-install /dev/sda
# exit
# exit
..... 정상적으로 부팅이 된다.....
# exit
# exit
..... 정상적으로 부팅이 된다.....
Power Off
Power On To Firmware (F2)
부팅 우선순위 CD 를 디스크보다 아래로 뒀음
[root@linux220 ~]# vi /etc/grub.conf
[root@linux220 ~]# cat /etc/grub.conf
# grub.conf generated by anaconda
#
# Note that you do not have to rerun grub after making changes to this file
# NOTICE: You do not have a /boot partition. This means that
# all kernel and initrd paths are relative to /, eg.
# root (hd0,0)
# kernel /boot/vmlinuz-version ro root=/dev/sda1
# initrd /boot/initrd-version.img
#boot=/dev/sda
default=0
timeout=5
splashimage=(hd0,0)/boot/grub/splash.xpm.gz
#hiddenmenu
#password --md5 $1$MvASb1$ybxMVaG6G9vx3vqwPvRR/0
title CentOS (2.6.18-409.el5) - JS, Yun
root (hd0,0)
kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.18-409.el5 ro root=LABEL=/ rhgb quiet
initrd /boot/initrd-2.6.18-409.el5.img
title CentOS (2.6.18-194.el5)
root (hd0,0)
kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.18-194.el5 ro root=LABEL=/ rhgb quiet
initrd /boot/initrd-2.6.18-194.el5.img
password 앞에 주석처리
끝.
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