20160425 리눅스 관리자
============================================메모============================================
글꼴을 console 10 으로 변경
because 1과 소문자l 대문자I 가 구분이 되는 폰트
실수하는건 부끄러운게 아니다 문제가 생기면 바로 요청
부팅하다 멈추면 캡쳐스크린
naver 카페 (http://cafe.naver.com/boangongbubang)
jang4sc@hanmail.net
============================================복습============================================
============================================강의============================================
============================================실습============================================
(4) 논리 볼륨 ext3으로 파일시스템 생성
논리 볼륨에 대해 ext3파일 시스템을 갖도록 mkfs.ext3로 포맷한다.
[root@linux220 ~]# lvs
LV VG Attr LSize Origin Snap% Move Log Copy% Convert
lv1 vg1 -wi-a- 1.49G
lv2 vg1 -wi-a- 524.00M
[root@linux220 ~]# mkfs.ext3 /dev/vg1/lv1
mke2fs 1.39 (29-May-2006)
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=4096 (log=2)
Fragment size=4096 (log=2)
195072 inodes, 390144 blocks
19507 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=402653184
12 block groups
32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
16256 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (8192 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
This filesystem will be automatically checked every 38 mounts or
180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.
[root@linux220 ~]# mkfs -t ext3 /dev/vg1/lv2
mke2fs 1.39 (29-May-2006)
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=4096 (log=2)
Fragment size=4096 (log=2)
67200 inodes, 134144 blocks
6707 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=138412032
5 block groups
32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
13440 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
32768, 98304
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (4096 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
This filesystem will be automatically checked every 24 mounts or
180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.
(5) 마운트 작업
[root@linux220 ~]# mkdir /lv1 /lv2
[root@linux220 ~]# mount /dev/vg1/lv1 /lv1
[root@linux220 ~]# mount /dev/vg1/lv2 /lv2
[root@linux220 ~]# df -h
Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda1 ext3 36G 3.1G 31G 10% /
/dev/sda8 ext3 487M 11M 451M 3% /data1
/dev/sda7 ext3 487M 11M 451M 3% /data2
/dev/sda6 ext3 487M 11M 451M 3% /data3
/dev/sda5 ext3 487M 11M 451M 3% /data4
/dev/sda3 ext3 487M 11M 451M 3% /home
tmpfs tmpfs 506M 0 506M 0% /dev/shm
/dev/hdc iso9660 3.9G 3.9G 0 100% /media/CentOS_5.5_Final
/dev/mapper/vg1-lv1
ext3 1.5G 35M 1.4G 3% /lv1
/dev/mapper/vg1-lv2
ext3 516M 17M 474M 4% /lv2
[root@linux220 ~]# vi /etc/fstab
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#
# (3) LVM Configuration
#
/dev/mapper/vg1-lv1 /lv1 ext3 defaults 1 2
/dev/vg1/lv2 /lv2 ext3 defaults 1 2
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[root@linux220 ~]# umount /lv1
[root@linux220 ~]# umount /lv2
[root@linux220 ~]# mount /lv1
[root@linux220 ~]# mount /lv2
[root@linux220 ~]# df -h
Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda1 ext3 36G 3.1G 31G 10% /
/dev/sda8 ext3 487M 11M 451M 3% /data1
/dev/sda7 ext3 487M 11M 451M 3% /data2
/dev/sda6 ext3 487M 11M 451M 3% /data3
/dev/sda5 ext3 487M 11M 451M 3% /data4
/dev/sda3 ext3 487M 11M 451M 3% /home
tmpfs tmpfs 506M 0 506M 0% /dev/shm
/dev/hdc iso9660 3.9G 3.9G 0 100% /media/CentOS_5.5_Final
/dev/mapper/vg1-lv1
ext3 1.5G 35M 1.4G 3% /lv1
/dev/mapper/vg1-lv2
ext3 516M 17M 474M 4% /lv2
[이전 작업 방식] 용량을 늘리고싶어도 늘릴수가 없다
(ㄱ) 파티션 작업
# fdisk /dev/sdc
(ㄴ) 파일시스템 작업
# mkfs.ext3 /dev/sdc1
(ㄷ) 마운트 작업
# vi /etc/fstab
# mkdir /oracle
# mount /oracle
[LVM 작업 방식] 용량을 마음껏 늘릴수가 있다 = 유연하다
(ㄱ) 파티션 작업(Partition ID (83 -> 8e)) 물리적인부분을 논리적인부분으로 전환
# fdisk /dev/sdc
# pvcreate /dev/sdc1
# vgcreate vg1 /dev/sdc1
# lvcreate -l 100%FREE -n lv1 vg1
(ㄴ) 파일시스템 작업
# mkfs.ext3 /dev/vg1/lv1
(ㄷ) 마운트 작업
# vi /etc/fstab
# mkdir /oracle
# mount /oracle
5 LVM 관리
(1) LVM 설정 방법 종류
(GUI) # system-config-lvm
(TUI) pvcreate CMD, vgcreate CMD, lvcreate CMD
[EX] system-config-lvm 툴
(필요하면 명령어 수행)
# yum install system-config-lvm
[root@linux220 ~]# rpm -qa | grep system-config-lvm
system-config-lvm-1.1.5-4.el5
[root@linux220 ~]# system-config-
system-config-authentication system-config-network system-config-samba
system-config-date system-config-network-cmd system-config-securitylevel
system-config-display system-config-network-gui system-config-securitylevel-tui
system-config-httpd system-config-network-tui system-config-services
system-config-kdump system-config-nfs system-config-soundcard
system-config-keyboard system-config-packages system-config-time
system-config-language system-config-printer system-config-users
system-config-lvm system-config-rootpassword
[root@linux220 ~]# system-config-lvm
그림1
[root@linux220 ~]# pv
pv.sh pvchange pvck pvcreate pvdisplay pvmove pvremove pvresize pvs pvscan
[root@linux220 ~]# pv
[root@linux220 ~]# vg
vgcfgbackup vgck vgdisplay vgimport vgmknodes vgrename vgsplit
vgcfgrestore vgconvert vgexport vgimportclone vgreduce vgs
vgchange vgcreate vgextend vgmerge vgremove vgscan
[root@linux220 ~]# vg
[root@linux220 ~]# lv
lv lvcreate lvm lvmdiskscan lvmsar lvrename lvscan
lvchange lvdisplay lvm.static lvmdump lvreduce lvresize
lvconvert lvextend lvmchange lvmsadc lvremove lvs
[root@linux220 ~]# lv
(2) 정보를 자세히 보는 방법
(ㄱ) -v, -vv, -vvv, -vvvv 옵션 사용
# lvcreate -L 50MB new_vg
# lvcreate -v -L 50MB new_vg
# lvcreate -vvvv -L 50MB new_vg
(ㄴ) command --help 주로 옵션을 확인할 때 사용
# pvcreate --help
# vgcreate --help
# lvcreate --help
(ㄷ) manual page
# man pvcreate
# man vgcreate
# man lvcreate
[EX] 정보 자세히 보기
[root@linux220 ~]# vgs
VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFree
vg1 3 2 0 wz--n- 2.98G 1000.00M
[root@linux220 ~]# lvcreate -L 50M -n testlv vg1
/dev/cdrom: open failed: 읽기전용 파일 시스템
Rounding up size to full physical extent 52.00 MB
Logical volume "testlv" created
[root@linux220 ~]# lvs
LV VG Attr LSize Origin Snap% Move Log Copy% Convert
lv1 vg1 -wi-ao 1.49G
lv2 vg1 -wi-ao 524.00M
testlv vg1 -wi-a- 52.00M
[root@linux220 ~]# lvcreate -v -L 50M -n testlv2 vg1
Setting logging type to disk
Finding volume group "vg1"
/dev/cdrom: open failed: 읽기전용 파일 시스템
Rounding up size to full physical extent 52.00 MB
Archiving volume group "vg1" metadata (seqno 14).
Creating logical volume testlv2
Creating volume group backup "/etc/lvm/backup/vg1" (seqno 15).
Found volume group "vg1"
Creating vg1-testlv2
Loading vg1-testlv2 table (253:3)
Resuming vg1-testlv2 (253:3)
Clearing start of logical volume "testlv2"
Creating volume group backup "/etc/lvm/backup/vg1" (seqno 15).
Logical volume "testlv2" created
[root@linux220 ~]# lvcreate -vvvv -L 50M -n testlv3 vg1
#lvmcmdline.c:1000 Processing: lvcreate -vvvv -L 50M -n testlv3 vg1
#lvmcmdline.c:1003 O_DIRECT will be used
#config/config.c:985 Setting global/locking_type to 1
#config/config.c:985 Setting global/wait_for_locks to 1
#locking/locking.c:240 File-based locking selected.
#config/config.c:962 Setting global/locking_dir to /var/lock/lvm
#activate/activate.c:365 Getting target version for linear
#ioctl/libdm-iface.c:1740 dm version OF [16384]
#ioctl/libdm-iface.c:1740 dm versions OF [16384]
#activate/activate.c:365 Getting target version for striped
#ioctl/libdm-iface.c:1740 dm versions OF [16384]
#lvcreate.c:346 Setting logging type to disk
#config/config.c:985 Setting activation/mirror_region_size to 512
#lvcreate.c:582 Finding volume group "vg1"
#locking/file_locking.c:235 Locking /var/lock/lvm/V_vg1 WB
#locking/file_locking.c:141 _do_flock /var/lock/lvm/V_vg1:aux WB
#locking/file_locking.c:141 _do_flock /var/lock/lvm/V_vg1 WB
#locking/file_locking.c:51 _undo_flock /var/lock/lvm/V_vg1:aux
#device/dev-io.c:486 Opened /dev/ramdisk RW O_DIRECT
#device/dev-io.c:134 /dev/ramdisk: block size is 4096 bytes
#label/label.c:184 /dev/ramdisk: No label detected
#device/dev-io.c:532 Closed /dev/ramdisk
#filters/filter-sysfs.c:276 /dev/loop0: Skipping (sysfs)
#device/dev-io.c:486 Opened /dev/sda RO
#device/dev-io.c:260 /dev/sda: size is 83886080 sectors
#device/dev-io.c:387 WARNING: /dev/sda already opened read-only
#device/dev-io.c:562 /dev/sda: Immediate close attempt while still referenced
#device/dev-io.c:532 Closed /dev/sda
#device/dev-io.c:486 Opened /dev/sda RW O_DIRECT
#device/dev-io.c:134 /dev/sda: block size is 4096 bytes
#filters/filter.c:159 /dev/sda: Skipping: Partition table signature found
#device/dev-io.c:532 Closed /dev/sda
#device/dev-io.c:486 Opened /dev/md0 RO
#device/dev-io.c:260 /dev/md0: size is 0 sectors
#filters/filter.c:153 /dev/md0: Skipping: Too small to hold a PV
#device/dev-io.c:532 Closed /dev/md0
#device/dev-io.c:444 /dev/cdrom: open failed: 읽기전용 파일 시스템
#label/label.c:276 <backtrace>
#device/dev-io.c:486 Opened /dev/vg1/lv1 RW O_DIRECT
#device/dev-io.c:134 /dev/vg1/lv1: block size is 4096 bytes
#label/label.c:184 /dev/vg1/lv1: No label detected
#device/dev-io.c:532 Closed /dev/vg1/lv1
#device/dev-io.c:486 Opened /dev/ram RW O_DIRECT
#device/dev-io.c:134 /dev/ram: block size is 4096 bytes
#label/label.c:184 /dev/ram: No label detected
#device/dev-io.c:532 Closed /dev/ram
#filters/filter-sysfs.c:276 /dev/loop1: Skipping (sysfs)
#device/dev-io.c:486 Opened /dev/root RW O_DIRECT
#device/dev-io.c:134 /dev/root: block size is 4096 bytes
#label/label.c:184 /dev/root: No label detected
#device/dev-io.c:532 Closed /dev/root
#device/dev-io.c:486 Opened /dev/vg1/lv2 RW O_DIRECT
#device/dev-io.c:134 /dev/vg1/lv2: block size is 4096 bytes
#label/label.c:184 /dev/vg1/lv2: No label detected
#device/dev-io.c:532 Closed /dev/vg1/lv2
#device/dev-io.c:486 Opened /dev/ram2 RW O_DIRECT
#device/dev-io.c:134 /dev/ram2: block size is 4096 bytes
#label/label.c:184 /dev/ram2: No label detected
#device/dev-io.c:532 Closed /dev/ram2
#filters/filter-sysfs.c:276 /dev/loop2: Skipping (sysfs)
#device/dev-io.c:486 Opened /dev/sda2 RW O_DIRECT
#device/dev-io.c:134 /dev/sda2: block size is 4096 bytes
#label/label.c:184 /dev/sda2: No label detected
#device/dev-io.c:532 Closed /dev/sda2
#device/dev-io.c:486 Opened /dev/vg1/testlv RW O_DIRECT
#device/dev-io.c:134 /dev/vg1/testlv: block size is 4096 bytes
#label/label.c:184 /dev/vg1/testlv: No label detected
#device/dev-io.c:532 Closed /dev/vg1/testlv
#device/dev-io.c:486 Opened /dev/ram3 RW O_DIRECT
#device/dev-io.c:134 /dev/ram3: block size is 4096 bytes
#label/label.c:184 /dev/ram3: No label detected
#device/dev-io.c:532 Closed /dev/ram3
#filters/filter-sysfs.c:276 /dev/loop3: Skipping (sysfs)
#device/dev-io.c:486 Opened /dev/sda3 RW O_DIRECT
#device/dev-io.c:134 /dev/sda3: block size is 1024 bytes
#label/label.c:184 /dev/sda3: No label detected
#device/dev-io.c:532 Closed /dev/sda3
#device/dev-io.c:486 Opened /dev/vg1/testlv2 RO
#device/dev-io.c:260 /dev/vg1/testlv2: size is 106496 sectors
#device/dev-io.c:532 Closed /dev/vg1/testlv2
#device/dev-io.c:260 /dev/vg1/testlv2: size is 106496 sectors
#device/dev-io.c:486 Opened /dev/vg1/testlv2 RW O_DIRECT
#device/dev-io.c:134 /dev/vg1/testlv2: block size is 4096 bytes
#device/dev-io.c:532 Closed /dev/vg1/testlv2
#filters/filter-composite.c:31 Using /dev/vg1/testlv2
#device/dev-io.c:486 Opened /dev/vg1/testlv2 RW O_DIRECT
#device/dev-io.c:134 /dev/vg1/testlv2: block size is 4096 bytes
#label/label.c:184 /dev/vg1/testlv2: No label detected
#device/dev-io.c:532 Closed /dev/vg1/testlv2
#device/dev-io.c:486 Opened /dev/ram4 RW O_DIRECT
#device/dev-io.c:134 /dev/ram4: block size is 4096 bytes
#label/label.c:184 /dev/ram4: No label detected
#device/dev-io.c:532 Closed /dev/ram4
#filters/filter-sysfs.c:276 /dev/loop4: Skipping (sysfs)
#device/dev-io.c:486 Opened /dev/sda4 RO
#device/dev-io.c:260 /dev/sda4: size is 2 sectors
#filters/filter.c:153 /dev/sda4: Skipping: Too small to hold a PV
#device/dev-io.c:532 Closed /dev/sda4
#device/dev-io.c:486 Opened /dev/ram5 RW O_DIRECT
#device/dev-io.c:134 /dev/ram5: block size is 4096 bytes
#label/label.c:184 /dev/ram5: No label detected
#device/dev-io.c:532 Closed /dev/ram5
#filters/filter-sysfs.c:276 /dev/loop5: Skipping (sysfs)
#device/dev-io.c:486 Opened /dev/sda5 RW O_DIRECT
#device/dev-io.c:134 /dev/sda5: block size is 1024 bytes
#label/label.c:184 /dev/sda5: No label detected
#device/dev-io.c:532 Closed /dev/sda5
#device/dev-io.c:486 Opened /dev/ram6 RW O_DIRECT
#device/dev-io.c:134 /dev/ram6: block size is 4096 bytes
#label/label.c:184 /dev/ram6: No label detected
#device/dev-io.c:532 Closed /dev/ram6
#filters/filter-sysfs.c:276 /dev/loop6: Skipping (sysfs)
#device/dev-io.c:486 Opened /dev/sda6 RW O_DIRECT
#device/dev-io.c:134 /dev/sda6: block size is 1024 bytes
#label/label.c:184 /dev/sda6: No label detected
#device/dev-io.c:532 Closed /dev/sda6
#device/dev-io.c:486 Opened /dev/ram7 RW O_DIRECT
#device/dev-io.c:134 /dev/ram7: block size is 4096 bytes
#label/label.c:184 /dev/ram7: No label detected
#device/dev-io.c:532 Closed /dev/ram7
#filters/filter-sysfs.c:276 /dev/loop7: Skipping (sysfs)
#device/dev-io.c:486 Opened /dev/sda7 RW O_DIRECT
#device/dev-io.c:134 /dev/sda7: block size is 1024 bytes
#label/label.c:184 /dev/sda7: No label detected
#device/dev-io.c:532 Closed /dev/sda7
#device/dev-io.c:486 Opened /dev/ram8 RW O_DIRECT
#device/dev-io.c:134 /dev/ram8: block size is 4096 bytes
#label/label.c:184 /dev/ram8: No label detected
#device/dev-io.c:532 Closed /dev/ram8
#device/dev-io.c:486 Opened /dev/sda8 RW O_DIRECT
#device/dev-io.c:134 /dev/sda8: block size is 1024 bytes
#label/label.c:184 /dev/sda8: No label detected
#device/dev-io.c:532 Closed /dev/sda8
#device/dev-io.c:486 Opened /dev/ram9 RW O_DIRECT
#device/dev-io.c:134 /dev/ram9: block size is 4096 bytes
#label/label.c:184 /dev/ram9: No label detected
#device/dev-io.c:532 Closed /dev/ram9
#device/dev-io.c:486 Opened /dev/ram10 RW O_DIRECT
#device/dev-io.c:134 /dev/ram10: block size is 4096 bytes
#label/label.c:184 /dev/ram10: No label detected
#device/dev-io.c:532 Closed /dev/ram10
#device/dev-io.c:486 Opened /dev/ram11 RW O_DIRECT
#device/dev-io.c:134 /dev/ram11: block size is 4096 bytes
#label/label.c:184 /dev/ram11: No label detected
#device/dev-io.c:532 Closed /dev/ram11
#device/dev-io.c:486 Opened /dev/ram12 RW O_DIRECT
#device/dev-io.c:134 /dev/ram12: block size is 4096 bytes
#label/label.c:184 /dev/ram12: No label detected
#device/dev-io.c:532 Closed /dev/ram12
#device/dev-io.c:486 Opened /dev/ram13 RW O_DIRECT
#device/dev-io.c:134 /dev/ram13: block size is 4096 bytes
#label/label.c:184 /dev/ram13: No label detected
#device/dev-io.c:532 Closed /dev/ram13
#device/dev-io.c:486 Opened /dev/ram14 RW O_DIRECT
#device/dev-io.c:134 /dev/ram14: block size is 4096 bytes
#label/label.c:184 /dev/ram14: No label detected
#device/dev-io.c:532 Closed /dev/ram14
#device/dev-io.c:486 Opened /dev/ram15 RW O_DIRECT
#device/dev-io.c:134 /dev/ram15: block size is 4096 bytes
#label/label.c:184 /dev/ram15: No label detected
#device/dev-io.c:532 Closed /dev/ram15
#device/dev-io.c:486 Opened /dev/sdb RO
#device/dev-io.c:260 /dev/sdb: size is 2097152 sectors
#device/dev-io.c:387 WARNING: /dev/sdb already opened read-only
#device/dev-io.c:562 /dev/sdb: Immediate close attempt while still referenced
#device/dev-io.c:532 Closed /dev/sdb
#device/dev-io.c:486 Opened /dev/sdb RW O_DIRECT
#device/dev-io.c:134 /dev/sdb: block size is 4096 bytes
#filters/filter.c:159 /dev/sdb: Skipping: Partition table signature found
#device/dev-io.c:532 Closed /dev/sdb
#device/dev-io.c:486 Opened /dev/sdb1 RW O_DIRECT
#device/dev-io.c:134 /dev/sdb1: block size is 512 bytes
#label/label.c:184 /dev/sdb1: No label detected
#device/dev-io.c:532 Closed /dev/sdb1
#device/dev-io.c:486 Opened /dev/sdc RO
#device/dev-io.c:260 /dev/sdc: size is 2097152 sectors
#device/dev-io.c:387 WARNING: /dev/sdc already opened read-only
#device/dev-io.c:562 /dev/sdc: Immediate close attempt while still referenced
#device/dev-io.c:532 Closed /dev/sdc
#device/dev-io.c:486 Opened /dev/sdc RW O_DIRECT
#device/dev-io.c:134 /dev/sdc: block size is 4096 bytes
#filters/filter.c:159 /dev/sdc: Skipping: Partition table signature found
#device/dev-io.c:532 Closed /dev/sdc
#device/dev-io.c:486 Opened /dev/sdc1 RW O_DIRECT
#device/dev-io.c:134 /dev/sdc1: block size is 512 bytes
#label/label.c:160 /dev/sdc1: lvm2 label detected
#cache/lvmcache.c:1070 lvmcache: /dev/sdc1: now in VG #orphans_lvm2 (#orphans_lvm2)
#format_text/format-text.c:1121 /dev/sdc1: Found metadata at 23552 size 2225 (in area at 4096 size 192512) for vg1 (gG74yL-PMIS-x1Ji-H4iu-MhGX-sr9T-f4MUnK)
#cache/lvmcache.c:1070 lvmcache: /dev/sdc1: now in VG vg1 with 1 mdas
#cache/lvmcache.c:857 lvmcache: /dev/sdc1: setting vg1 VGID to gG74yLPMISx1JiH4iuMhGXsr9Tf4MUnK
#cache/lvmcache.c:1107 lvmcache: /dev/sdc1: VG vg1: Set creation host to linux220.example.com.
#device/dev-io.c:486 Opened /dev/sdd RO
#device/dev-io.c:260 /dev/sdd: size is 2097152 sectors
#device/dev-io.c:387 WARNING: /dev/sdd already opened read-only
#device/dev-io.c:562 /dev/sdd: Immediate close attempt while still referenced
#device/dev-io.c:532 Closed /dev/sdd
#device/dev-io.c:486 Opened /dev/sdd RW O_DIRECT
#device/dev-io.c:134 /dev/sdd: block size is 4096 bytes
#filters/filter.c:159 /dev/sdd: Skipping: Partition table signature found
#device/dev-io.c:532 Closed /dev/sdd
#device/dev-io.c:486 Opened /dev/sdd1 RW O_DIRECT
#device/dev-io.c:134 /dev/sdd1: block size is 512 bytes
#label/label.c:160 /dev/sdd1: lvm2 label detected
#cache/lvmcache.c:1070 lvmcache: /dev/sdd1: now in VG #orphans_lvm2 (#orphans_lvm2)
#format_text/format-text.c:1121 /dev/sdd1: Found metadata at 23552 size 2225 (in area at 4096 size 192512) for vg1 (gG74yL-PMIS-x1Ji-H4iu-MhGX-sr9T-f4MUnK)
#cache/lvmcache.c:1070 lvmcache: /dev/sdd1: now in VG vg1 (gG74yLPMISx1JiH4iuMhGXsr9Tf4MUnK) with 1 mdas
#device/dev-io.c:486 Opened /dev/sde RO
#device/dev-io.c:260 /dev/sde: size is 2097152 sectors
#device/dev-io.c:387 WARNING: /dev/sde already opened read-only
#device/dev-io.c:562 /dev/sde: Immediate close attempt while still referenced
#device/dev-io.c:532 Closed /dev/sde
#device/dev-io.c:486 Opened /dev/sde RW O_DIRECT
#device/dev-io.c:134 /dev/sde: block size is 4096 bytes
#filters/filter.c:159 /dev/sde: Skipping: Partition table signature found
#device/dev-io.c:532 Closed /dev/sde
#device/dev-io.c:486 Opened /dev/sde1 RW O_DIRECT
#device/dev-io.c:134 /dev/sde1: block size is 512 bytes
#label/label.c:160 /dev/sde1: lvm2 label detected
#cache/lvmcache.c:1070 lvmcache: /dev/sde1: now in VG #orphans_lvm2 (#orphans_lvm2)
#format_text/format-text.c:1121 /dev/sde1: Found metadata at 23552 size 2225 (in area at 4096 size 192512) for vg1 (gG74yL-PMIS-x1Ji-H4iu-MhGX-sr9T-f4MUnK)
#cache/lvmcache.c:1070 lvmcache: /dev/sde1: now in VG vg1 (gG74yLPMISx1JiH4iuMhGXsr9Tf4MUnK) with 1 mdas
#device/dev-io.c:486 Opened /dev/sdf RO
#device/dev-io.c:260 /dev/sdf: size is 2097152 sectors
#device/dev-io.c:387 WARNING: /dev/sdf already opened read-only
#device/dev-io.c:562 /dev/sdf: Immediate close attempt while still referenced
#device/dev-io.c:532 Closed /dev/sdf
#device/dev-io.c:486 Opened /dev/sdf RW O_DIRECT
#device/dev-io.c:134 /dev/sdf: block size is 4096 bytes
#filters/filter.c:159 /dev/sdf: Skipping: Partition table signature found
#device/dev-io.c:532 Closed /dev/sdf
#device/dev-io.c:486 Opened /dev/sdf1 RW O_DIRECT
#device/dev-io.c:134 /dev/sdf1: block size is 512 bytes
#label/label.c:160 /dev/sdf1: lvm2 label detected
#cache/lvmcache.c:1070 lvmcache: /dev/sdf1: now in VG #orphans_lvm2 (#orphans_lvm2)
#device/dev-io.c:532 Closed /dev/sdf1
#label/label.c:270 Using cached label for /dev/sdc1
#label/label.c:270 Using cached label for /dev/sdd1
#label/label.c:270 Using cached label for /dev/sde1
#label/label.c:270 Using cached label for /dev/sdc1
#label/label.c:270 Using cached label for /dev/sdd1
#label/label.c:270 Using cached label for /dev/sde1
#format_text/format-text.c:485 Read vg1 metadata (15) from /dev/sdc1 at 23552 size 2225
#label/label.c:270 Using cached label for /dev/sdc1
#label/label.c:270 Using cached label for /dev/sdd1
#label/label.c:270 Using cached label for /dev/sde1
#format_text/format-text.c:485 Read vg1 metadata (15) from /dev/sdd1 at 23552 size 2225
#label/label.c:270 Using cached label for /dev/sdc1
#label/label.c:270 Using cached label for /dev/sdd1
#label/label.c:270 Using cached label for /dev/sde1
#format_text/format-text.c:485 Read vg1 metadata (15) from /dev/sde1 at 23552 size 2225
#metadata/pv_manip.c:272 /dev/sdc1 0: 0 254: lv1(0:0)
#metadata/pv_manip.c:272 /dev/sdd1 0: 0 2: lv1(254:0)
#metadata/pv_manip.c:272 /dev/sdd1 1: 2 2: NULL(0:0)
#metadata/pv_manip.c:272 /dev/sdd1 2: 4 125: lv1(256:0)
#metadata/pv_manip.c:272 /dev/sdd1 3: 129 13: testlv(0:0)
#metadata/pv_manip.c:272 /dev/sdd1 4: 142 112: NULL(0:0)
#metadata/pv_manip.c:272 /dev/sde1 0: 0 131: lv2(0:0)
#metadata/pv_manip.c:272 /dev/sde1 1: 131 13: testlv2(0:0)
#metadata/pv_manip.c:272 /dev/sde1 2: 144 110: NULL(0:0)
Rounding up size to full physical extent 52.00 MB
#format_text/archiver.c:127 Archiving volume group "vg1" metadata (seqno 15).
#metadata/lv_manip.c:1916 Creating logical volume testlv3
#metadata/pv_map.c:49 Allowing allocation on /dev/sdd1 start PE 2 length 2
#metadata/pv_map.c:49 Allowing allocation on /dev/sdd1 start PE 142 length 112
#metadata/pv_map.c:49 Allowing allocation on /dev/sde1 start PE 144 length 110
#metadata/pv_manip.c:272 /dev/sdc1 0: 0 254: lv1(0:0)
#metadata/pv_manip.c:272 /dev/sdd1 0: 0 2: lv1(254:0)
#metadata/pv_manip.c:272 /dev/sdd1 1: 2 2: NULL(0:0)
#metadata/pv_manip.c:272 /dev/sdd1 2: 4 125: lv1(256:0)
#metadata/pv_manip.c:272 /dev/sdd1 3: 129 13: testlv(0:0)
#metadata/pv_manip.c:272 /dev/sdd1 4: 142 13: testlv3(0:0)
#metadata/pv_manip.c:272 /dev/sdd1 5: 155 99: NULL(0:0)
#metadata/pv_manip.c:272 /dev/sde1 0: 0 131: lv2(0:0)
#metadata/pv_manip.c:272 /dev/sde1 1: 131 13: testlv2(0:0)
#metadata/pv_manip.c:272 /dev/sde1 2: 144 110: NULL(0:0)
#format_text/format-text.c:576 Writing vg1 metadata to /dev/sdc1 at 26112 len 2470
#format_text/format-text.c:576 Writing vg1 metadata to /dev/sdd1 at 26112 len 2470
#format_text/format-text.c:576 Writing vg1 metadata to /dev/sde1 at 26112 len 2470
#format_text/format-text.c:679 Pre-Committing vg1 metadata (16) to /dev/sdc1 header at 4096
#format_text/format-text.c:679 Pre-Committing vg1 metadata (16) to /dev/sdd1 header at 4096
#format_text/format-text.c:679 Pre-Committing vg1 metadata (16) to /dev/sde1 header at 4096
#format_text/format-text.c:679 Committing vg1 metadata (16) to /dev/sdc1 header at 4096
#format_text/format-text.c:679 Committing vg1 metadata (16) to /dev/sdd1 header at 4096
#format_text/format-text.c:679 Committing vg1 metadata (16) to /dev/sde1 header at 4096
#format_text/archiver.c:384 Creating volume group backup "/etc/lvm/backup/vg1" (seqno 16).
#format_text/format-text.c:872 Writing vg1 metadata to /etc/lvm/backup/.lvm_linux220.example.com_5686_1032498976
#format_text/format-text.c:916 Committing vg1 metadata (16)
#format_text/format-text.c:917 Renaming /etc/lvm/backup/vg1.tmp to /etc/lvm/backup/vg1
#locking/file_locking.c:291 Locking LV gG74yLPMISx1JiH4iuMhGXsr9Tf4MUnKigGjJMdcNo1W4By1ICmj2jWeYKwd86th (R)
#metadata/metadata.c:2958 Finding volume group for uuid gG74yLPMISx1JiH4iuMhGXsr9Tf4MUnKigGjJMdcNo1W4By1ICmj2jWeYKwd86th
#label/label.c:160 /dev/sdc1: lvm2 label detected
#cache/lvmcache.c:1070 lvmcache: /dev/sdc1: now in VG #orphans_lvm2 (#orphans_lvm2) with 1 mdas
#format_text/format-text.c:1121 /dev/sdc1: Found metadata at 26112 size 2470 (in area at 4096 size 192512) for vg1 (gG74yL-PMIS-x1Ji-H4iu-MhGX-sr9T-f4MUnK)
#cache/lvmcache.c:1070 lvmcache: /dev/sdc1: now in VG vg1 (gG74yLPMISx1JiH4iuMhGXsr9Tf4MUnK) with 1 mdas
#label/label.c:160 /dev/sdd1: lvm2 label detected
#cache/lvmcache.c:1070 lvmcache: /dev/sdd1: now in VG #orphans_lvm2 (#orphans_lvm2) with 1 mdas
#format_text/format-text.c:1121 /dev/sdd1: Found metadata at 26112 size 2470 (in area at 4096 size 192512) for vg1 (gG74yL-PMIS-x1Ji-H4iu-MhGX-sr9T-f4MUnK)
#cache/lvmcache.c:1070 lvmcache: /dev/sdd1: now in VG vg1 (gG74yLPMISx1JiH4iuMhGXsr9Tf4MUnK) with 1 mdas
#label/label.c:160 /dev/sde1: lvm2 label detected
#cache/lvmcache.c:1070 lvmcache: /dev/sde1: now in VG #orphans_lvm2 (#orphans_lvm2) with 1 mdas
#format_text/format-text.c:1121 /dev/sde1: Found metadata at 26112 size 2470 (in area at 4096 size 192512) for vg1 (gG74yL-PMIS-x1Ji-H4iu-MhGX-sr9T-f4MUnK)
#cache/lvmcache.c:1070 lvmcache: /dev/sde1: now in VG vg1 (gG74yLPMISx1JiH4iuMhGXsr9Tf4MUnK) with 1 mdas
#label/label.c:270 Using cached label for /dev/sdc1
#label/label.c:270 Using cached label for /dev/sdd1
#label/label.c:270 Using cached label for /dev/sde1
#format_text/format-text.c:485 Read vg1 metadata (16) from /dev/sdc1 at 26112 size 2470
#label/label.c:270 Using cached label for /dev/sdc1
#label/label.c:270 Using cached label for /dev/sdd1
#label/label.c:270 Using cached label for /dev/sde1
#format_text/format-text.c:485 Read vg1 metadata (16) from /dev/sdd1 at 26112 size 2470
#label/label.c:270 Using cached label for /dev/sdc1
#label/label.c:270 Using cached label for /dev/sdd1
#label/label.c:270 Using cached label for /dev/sde1
#format_text/format-text.c:485 Read vg1 metadata (16) from /dev/sde1 at 26112 size 2470
#metadata/metadata.c:2964 Found volume group "vg1"
#activate/activate.c:456 Getting device info for vg1-testlv3
#ioctl/libdm-iface.c:1740 dm info LVM-gG74yLPMISx1JiH4iuMhGXsr9Tf4MUnKigGjJMdcNo1W4By1ICmj2jWeYKwd86th NF [16384]
#ioctl/libdm-iface.c:1740 dm info gG74yLPMISx1JiH4iuMhGXsr9Tf4MUnKigGjJMdcNo1W4By1ICmj2jWeYKwd86th NF [16384]
#ioctl/libdm-iface.c:1740 dm info vg1-testlv3 NF [16384]
#device/dev-io.c:291 /dev/sdd1: read_ahead is 256 sectors
#mm/memlock.c:100 Locking memory
#mm/memlock.c:141 memlock_count inc to 1
#activate/dev_manager.c:670 Getting device info for vg1-testlv3 [LVM-gG74yLPMISx1JiH4iuMhGXsr9Tf4MUnKigGjJMdcNo1W4By1ICmj2jWeYKwd86th]
#ioctl/libdm-iface.c:1740 dm info LVM-gG74yLPMISx1JiH4iuMhGXsr9Tf4MUnKigGjJMdcNo1W4By1ICmj2jWeYKwd86th OF [16384]
#ioctl/libdm-iface.c:1740 dm info gG74yLPMISx1JiH4iuMhGXsr9Tf4MUnKigGjJMdcNo1W4By1ICmj2jWeYKwd86th OF [16384]
#ioctl/libdm-iface.c:1740 dm info vg1-testlv3 OF [16384]
#activate/dev_manager.c:670 Getting device info for vg1-testlv3-real [LVM-gG74yLPMISx1JiH4iuMhGXsr9Tf4MUnKigGjJMdcNo1W4By1ICmj2jWeYKwd86th-real]
#ioctl/libdm-iface.c:1740 dm info LVM-gG74yLPMISx1JiH4iuMhGXsr9Tf4MUnKigGjJMdcNo1W4By1ICmj2jWeYKwd86th-real OF [16384]
#ioctl/libdm-iface.c:1740 dm info gG74yLPMISx1JiH4iuMhGXsr9Tf4MUnKigGjJMdcNo1W4By1ICmj2jWeYKwd86th-real OF [16384]
#ioctl/libdm-iface.c:1740 dm info vg1-testlv3-real OF [16384]
#activate/dev_manager.c:670 Getting device info for vg1-testlv3-cow [LVM-gG74yLPMISx1JiH4iuMhGXsr9Tf4MUnKigGjJMdcNo1W4By1ICmj2jWeYKwd86th-cow]
#ioctl/libdm-iface.c:1740 dm info LVM-gG74yLPMISx1JiH4iuMhGXsr9Tf4MUnKigGjJMdcNo1W4By1ICmj2jWeYKwd86th-cow OF [16384]
#ioctl/libdm-iface.c:1740 dm info gG74yLPMISx1JiH4iuMhGXsr9Tf4MUnKigGjJMdcNo1W4By1ICmj2jWeYKwd86th-cow OF [16384]
#ioctl/libdm-iface.c:1740 dm info vg1-testlv3-cow OF [16384]
#activate/dev_manager.c:670 Getting device info for vg1-testlv3_mlog [LVM-gG74yLPMISx1JiH4iuMhGXsr9Tf4MUnKigGjJMdcNo1W4By1ICmj2jWeYKwd86th-_mlog]
#ioctl/libdm-iface.c:1740 dm info LVM-gG74yLPMISx1JiH4iuMhGXsr9Tf4MUnKigGjJMdcNo1W4By1ICmj2jWeYKwd86th-_mlog OF [16384]
#ioctl/libdm-iface.c:1740 dm info gG74yLPMISx1JiH4iuMhGXsr9Tf4MUnKigGjJMdcNo1W4By1ICmj2jWeYKwd86th-_mlog OF [16384]
#ioctl/libdm-iface.c:1740 dm info vg1-testlv3_mlog OF [16384]
#activate/dev_manager.c:946 Checking kernel supports striped segment type for testlv3
#metadata/metadata.c:2086 Calculated readahead of LV testlv3 is 256
#libdm-deptree.c:1225 Creating vg1-testlv3
#ioctl/libdm-iface.c:1740 dm create vg1-testlv3 LVM-gG74yLPMISx1JiH4iuMhGXsr9Tf4MUnKigGjJMdcNo1W4By1ICmj2jWeYKwd86th NF [16384]
#libdm-common.c:767 vg1-testlv3: Stacking NODE_ADD (253,4) 0:6 0660
#libdm-deptree.c:1553 Loading vg1-testlv3 table (253:4)
#libdm-deptree.c:1499 Adding target to (253:4): 0 106496 linear 8:49 1163648
#ioctl/libdm-iface.c:1740 dm table (253:4) OF [16384]
#ioctl/libdm-iface.c:1740 dm reload (253:4) NF [16384]
#libdm-deptree.c:1593 Table size changed from 0 to 106496 for vg1-testlv3
#libdm-deptree.c:930 Resuming vg1-testlv3 (253:4)
#ioctl/libdm-iface.c:1740 dm resume (253:4) NF [16384]
#libdm-common.c:796 vg1-testlv3: Stacking NODE_READ_AHEAD 256 (flags=1)
#activate/dev_manager.c:670 Getting device info for vg1-testlv3 [LVM-gG74yLPMISx1JiH4iuMhGXsr9Tf4MUnKigGjJMdcNo1W4By1ICmj2jWeYKwd86th]
#ioctl/libdm-iface.c:1740 dm info LVM-gG74yLPMISx1JiH4iuMhGXsr9Tf4MUnKigGjJMdcNo1W4By1ICmj2jWeYKwd86th OF [16384]
#ioctl/libdm-iface.c:1740 dm deps (253:4) OF [16384]
#activate/dev_manager.c:670 Getting device info for vg1-testlv3-real [LVM-gG74yLPMISx1JiH4iuMhGXsr9Tf4MUnKigGjJMdcNo1W4By1ICmj2jWeYKwd86th-real]
#ioctl/libdm-iface.c:1740 dm info LVM-gG74yLPMISx1JiH4iuMhGXsr9Tf4MUnKigGjJMdcNo1W4By1ICmj2jWeYKwd86th-real OF [16384]
#ioctl/libdm-iface.c:1740 dm info gG74yLPMISx1JiH4iuMhGXsr9Tf4MUnKigGjJMdcNo1W4By1ICmj2jWeYKwd86th-real OF [16384]
#ioctl/libdm-iface.c:1740 dm info vg1-testlv3-real OF [16384]
#activate/dev_manager.c:670 Getting device info for vg1-testlv3-cow [LVM-gG74yLPMISx1JiH4iuMhGXsr9Tf4MUnKigGjJMdcNo1W4By1ICmj2jWeYKwd86th-cow]
#ioctl/libdm-iface.c:1740 dm info LVM-gG74yLPMISx1JiH4iuMhGXsr9Tf4MUnKigGjJMdcNo1W4By1ICmj2jWeYKwd86th-cow OF [16384]
#ioctl/libdm-iface.c:1740 dm info gG74yLPMISx1JiH4iuMhGXsr9Tf4MUnKigGjJMdcNo1W4By1ICmj2jWeYKwd86th-cow OF [16384]
#ioctl/libdm-iface.c:1740 dm info vg1-testlv3-cow OF [16384]
#activate/dev_manager.c:670 Getting device info for vg1-testlv3_mlog [LVM-gG74yLPMISx1JiH4iuMhGXsr9Tf4MUnKigGjJMdcNo1W4By1ICmj2jWeYKwd86th-_mlog]
#ioctl/libdm-iface.c:1740 dm info LVM-gG74yLPMISx1JiH4iuMhGXsr9Tf4MUnKigGjJMdcNo1W4By1ICmj2jWeYKwd86th-_mlog OF [16384]
#ioctl/libdm-iface.c:1740 dm info gG74yLPMISx1JiH4iuMhGXsr9Tf4MUnKigGjJMdcNo1W4By1ICmj2jWeYKwd86th-_mlog OF [16384]
#ioctl/libdm-iface.c:1740 dm info vg1-testlv3_mlog OF [16384]
#mm/memlock.c:119 Unlocking memory
#mm/memlock.c:150 memlock_count dec to 0
#libdm-common.c:447 Created /dev/mapper/vg1-testlv3
#libdm-common.c:569 vg1-testlv3: read ahead is 256
#libdm-common.c:592 vg1-testlv3: Setting read ahead to 256
#activate/fs.c:198 Linking /dev/vg1/testlv3 -> /dev/mapper/vg1-testlv3
#metadata/lv_manip.c:2773 Clearing start of logical volume "testlv3"
#device/dev-cache.c:262 /dev/vg1/testlv3: Added to device cache
#device/dev-io.c:486 Opened /dev/vg1/testlv3 RW O_DIRECT
#device/dev-io.c:691 Wiping /dev/vg1/testlv3 at sector 0 length 8 sectors
#device/dev-io.c:134 /dev/vg1/testlv3: block size is 4096 bytes
#device/dev-io.c:532 Closed /dev/vg1/testlv3
#format_text/archiver.c:384 Creating volume group backup "/etc/lvm/backup/vg1" (seqno 16).
#format_text/format-text.c:872 Writing vg1 metadata to /etc/lvm/backup/.lvm_linux220.example.com_5686_1528578483
#format_text/format-text.c:916 Committing vg1 metadata (16)
#format_text/format-text.c:917 Renaming /etc/lvm/backup/vg1.tmp to /etc/lvm/backup/vg1
Logical volume "testlv3" created
#locking/file_locking.c:74 Unlocking /var/lock/lvm/V_vg1
#locking/file_locking.c:51 _undo_flock /var/lock/lvm/V_vg1
#device/dev-io.c:532 Closed /dev/sdc1
#device/dev-io.c:532 Closed /dev/sdd1
#device/dev-io.c:532 Closed /dev/sde1
[root@linux220 ~]# lvs
LV VG Attr LSize Origin Snap% Move Log Copy% Convert
lv1 vg1 -wi-ao 1.49G
lv2 vg1 -wi-ao 524.00M
testlv vg1 -wi-a- 52.00M
testlv2 vg1 -wi-a- 52.00M
testlv3 vg1 -wi-a- 52.00M
[root@linux220 ~]# lvremove /dev/vg1/testlv
/dev/cdrom: open failed: 읽기전용 파일 시스템
Do you really want to remove active logical volume testlv? [y/n]: y
Logical volume "testlv" successfully removed
[root@linux220 ~]# lvremove /dev/vg1/testlv2
/dev/cdrom: open failed: 읽기전용 파일 시스템
Do you really want to remove active logical volume testlv2? [y/n]: y
Logical volume "testlv2" successfully removed
[root@linux220 ~]# lvremove /dev/vg1/testlv3
/dev/cdrom: open failed: 읽기전용 파일 시스템
Do you really want to remove active logical volume testlv3? [y/n]: y
Logical volume "testlv3" successfully removed
[root@linux220 ~]# lvs
LV VG Attr LSize Origin Snap% Move Log Copy% Convert
lv1 vg1 -wi-ao 1.49G
lv2 vg1 -wi-ao 524.00M
[root@linux220 ~]# pvcreate --help
pvcreate: Initialize physical volume(s) for use by LVM
pvcreate
[--restorefile file]
[-d|--debug]
[-f[f]|--force [--force]]
[-h|-?|--help]
[--labelsector sector]
[-M|--metadatatype 1|2]
[--pvmetadatacopies #copies]
[--metadatasize MetadataSize[bBsSkKmMgGtTpPeE]]
[--dataalignment Alignment[bBsSkKmMgGtTpPeE]]
[--dataalignmentoffset AlignmentOffset[bBsSkKmMgGtTpPeE]]
[--setphysicalvolumesize PhysicalVolumeSize[bBsSkKmMgGtTpPeE]
[-t|--test]
[-u|--uuid uuid]
[-v|--verbose]
[-y|--yes]
[-Z|--zero {y|n}]
[--version]
PhysicalVolume [PhysicalVolume...]
[root@linux220 ~]# pvremove --help
pvremove: Remove LVM label(s) from physical volume(s)
pvremove
[-d|--debug]
[-f[f]|--force [--force]]
[-h|-?|--help]
[-t|--test]
[-v|--verbose]
[-y|--yes]
[--version]
PhysicalVolume [PhysicalVolume...]
(3) 관리 작업(시나리오 작업)
(3-1) 파일시스템(EX: /lv2) 용량을 늘리는 경우
■ 작업 계획
/lv2 파일시스템이 용량이 부족하여 파일시스템 용량을 늘리기
/lv2(500M) + 1G = 1.5G
[root@linux220 ~]# lvs
LV VG Attr LSize Origin Snap% Move Log Copy% Convert
lv1 vg1 -wi-ao 1.49G
lv2 vg1 -wi-ao 524.00M
[root@linux220 ~]# df -h /lv1 /lv2
Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/vg1-lv1
ext3 1.5G 35M 1.4G 3% /lv1
/dev/mapper/vg1-lv2
ext3 516M 17M 474M 4% /lv2
[root@linux220 ~]# dd if=/dev/zero of=/lv2/file1 bs=1M count=400
400+0 records in
400+0 records out
419430400 bytes (419 MB) copied, 4.25405 seconds, 98.6 MB/s
[root@linux220 ~]# df -h /lv2
Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/vg1-lv2
ext3 516M 417M 73M 86% /lv2
[root@linux220 ~]# vgs
VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFree
vg1 3 2 0 wz--n- 2.98G 1000.00M
[root@linux220 ~]# vgdisplay
--- Volume group ---
VG Name vg1
System ID
Format lvm2
Metadata Areas 3
Metadata Sequence No 19
VG Access read/write
VG Status resizable
MAX LV 0
Cur LV 2
Open LV 2
Max PV 0
Cur PV 3
Act PV 3
VG Size 2.98 GB
PE Size 4.00 MB
Total PE 762
Alloc PE / Size 512 / 2.00 GB
Free PE / Size 250 / 1000.00 MB
VG UUID gG74yL-PMIS-x1Ji-H4iu-MhGX-sr9T-f4MUnK
[root@linux220 ~]# lvextend -l +100%FREE /dev/vg1/lv2
/dev/cdrom: open failed: 읽기전용 파일 시스템
Extending logical volume lv2 to 1.49 GB
Logical volume lv2 successfully resized
[root@linux220 ~]# lvs
LV VG Attr LSize Origin Snap% Move Log Copy% Convert
lv1 vg1 -wi-ao 1.49G
lv2 vg1 -wi-ao 1.49G
[root@linux220 ~]# df -h /lv2
Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/vg1-lv2
ext3 516M 417M 73M 86% /lv2
[root@linux220 ~]# resize2fs /dev/vg1/lv2
resize2fs 1.39 (29-May-2006)
Filesystem at /dev/vg1/lv2 is mounted on /lv2; on-line resizing required
Performing an on-line resize of /dev/vg1/lv2 to 390144 (4k) blocks.
The filesystem on /dev/vg1/lv2 is now 390144 blocks long.
[root@linux220 ~]# df -h /lv2
Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/vg1-lv2
ext3 1.5G 418M 1017M 30% /lv2
(3-2) VG(EX: vg1)에 PV(EX: sdf1)를 추가하는 경우
■ 작업 계획
VG에 PV 추가하고 LV에 용량 늘리기
vg1(sdc1, sdd1, sde1) + sdf1
[root@linux220 ~]# df -h /lv1
Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/vg1-lv1
ext3 1.5G 35M 1.4G 3% /lv1
[root@linux220 ~]# dd if=/dev/zero of=/lv1/file2 bs=1M count=500
500+0 records in
500+0 records out
524288000 bytes (524 MB) copied, 5.10379 seconds, 103 MB/s
[root@linux220 ~]# dd if=/dev/zero of=lv1/file3 bs=1M count=500
dd: opening `lv1/file3': 그런 파일이나 디렉토리가 없음
[root@linux220 ~]# dd if=/dev/zero of=/lv1/file3 bs=1M count=500
500+0 records in
500+0 records out
524288000 bytes (524 MB) copied, 1.79167 seconds, 293 MB/s
[root@linux220 ~]# df -h /lv1
Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/vg1-lv1
ext3 1.5G 1.1G 389M 73% /lv1
[root@linux220 ~]# vgs
VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFree
vg1 3 2 0 wz--n- 2.98G 0
[root@linux220 ~]# pvs
PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree
/dev/sdc1 vg1 lvm2 a- 1016.00M 0
/dev/sdd1 vg1 lvm2 a- 1016.00M 0
/dev/sde1 vg1 lvm2 a- 1016.00M 0
/dev/sdf1 lvm2 -- 1019.72M 1019.72M
[root@linux220 ~]# vgextend vg1 /dev/sdf1
/dev/cdrom: open failed: 읽기전용 파일 시스템
/dev/cdrom: open failed: 읽기전용 파일 시스템
Attempt to close device '/dev/cdrom' which is not open.
Volume group "vg1" successfully extended
[root@linux220 ~]# pvs
PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree
/dev/sdc1 vg1 lvm2 a- 1016.00M 0
/dev/sdd1 vg1 lvm2 a- 1016.00M 0
/dev/sde1 vg1 lvm2 a- 1016.00M 0
/dev/sdf1 vg1 lvm2 a- 1016.00M 1016.00M
[root@linux220 ~]# vgs
VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFree
vg1 4 2 0 wz--n- 3.97G 1016.00M
[root@linux220 ~]# lvextend -l +100%FREE /dev/vg1/lv1'
>
>
[root@linux220 ~]# lvextend -l +100%FREE /dev/vg1/lv1
/dev/cdrom: open failed: 읽기전용 파일 시스템
Extending logical volume lv1 to 2.48 GB
Logical volume lv1 successfully resized
[root@linux220 ~]# lvs
LV VG Attr LSize Origin Snap% Move Log Copy% Convert
lv1 vg1 -wi-ao 2.48G
lv2 vg1 -wi-ao 1.49G
[root@linux220 ~]# resize2fs /dev/vg1/lv1
resize2fs 1.39 (29-May-2006)
Filesystem at /dev/vg1/lv1 is mounted on /lv1; on-line resizing required
Performing an on-line resize of /dev/vg1/lv1 to 650240 (4k) blocks.
The filesystem on /dev/vg1/lv1 is now 650240 blocks long.
[root@linux220 ~]# df -h /lv1
Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/vg1-lv1
ext3 2.5G 1.1G 1.4G 44% /lv1
(3-3) LV 용량 감소(Shrinking)
■ 작업 계획
/lv1 - 용량 감소
/lv2 - 용량 증설
■ 파일시스템 용량을 줄이는 경우의 절차
(ㄱ) 파일시스템 언마운트(umount)
# umount /lv1
(ㄴ) 파일시스템 점검(fsck -f/fsck.ext3 -f/e2fsck -f)
# e2fsck -f /dev/vg1/lv1 //-f 옵션은 정상이든 불량이든 끝까지 체크하겠다
(ㄷ) 파일시스템 용량 줄이기
# resize2fs -p /dev/vg1/lv1 700M //리사이즈 해야한다
(ㄹ) LV 용량 줄이기
# lvrescue -L 700M /dev/vg1/lv1 //용량이 반드시 동일해야한다
[root@linux220 ~]# df -h
Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda1 ext3 36G 3.1G 31G 10% /
/dev/sda8 ext3 487M 11M 451M 3% /data1
/dev/sda7 ext3 487M 11M 451M 3% /data2
/dev/sda6 ext3 487M 11M 451M 3% /data3
/dev/sda5 ext3 487M 11M 451M 3% /data4
/dev/sda3 ext3 487M 11M 451M 3% /home
tmpfs tmpfs 506M 0 506M 0% /dev/shm
/dev/hdc iso9660 3.9G 3.9G 0 100% /media/CentOS_5.5_Final
/dev/mapper/vg1-lv1
ext3 2.5G 1.1G 1.4G 44% /lv1
/dev/mapper/vg1-lv2
ext3 1.5G 418M 1017M 30% /lv2
[root@linux220 ~]# vgs
VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFree
vg1 4 2 0 wz--n- 3.97G 0
[root@linux220 ~]# lvs
LV VG Attr LSize Origin Snap% Move Log Copy% Convert
lv1 vg1 -wi-ao 2.48G
lv2 vg1 -wi-ao 1.49G
[root@linux220 ~]# man lvreduce
[root@linux220 ~]# man resize2fs
[root@linux220 ~]# cp /etc/passwd /lv1/file10
[root@linux220 ~]# cp /etc/passwd /lv2/file11
[root@linux220 ~]# df -h
Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda1 ext3 36G 3.1G 31G 10% /
/dev/sda8 ext3 487M 11M 451M 3% /data1
/dev/sda7 ext3 487M 11M 451M 3% /data2
/dev/sda6 ext3 487M 11M 451M 3% /data3
/dev/sda5 ext3 487M 11M 451M 3% /data4
/dev/sda3 ext3 487M 11M 451M 3% /home
tmpfs tmpfs 506M 0 506M 0% /dev/shm
/dev/hdc iso9660 3.9G 3.9G 0 100% /media/CentOS_5.5_Final
/dev/mapper/vg1-lv1
ext3 2.5G 1.1G 1.4G 44% /lv1
/dev/mapper/vg1-lv2
ext3 1.5G 418M 1017M 30% /lv2
[root@linux220 ~]# df -h /lv1 /lv2
Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/vg1-lv1
ext3 2.5G 1.1G 1.4G 44% /lv1
/dev/mapper/vg1-lv2
ext3 1.5G 418M 1017M 30% /lv2
[root@linux220 ~]# mkdir -p /backup
[root@linux220 ~]# cd /lv1
[root@linux220 /lv1]# tar cvzf /backup/lv1.tar.gz .
./
./file2
./lost+found/
./file10
./file3
[root@linux220 /lv1]# cd
[root@linux220 ~]# umount /lv1
[root@linux220 ~]# fsck.ext3 -f /dev/vg1/lv1
e2fsck 1.39 (29-May-2006)
Pass 1: Checking inodes, blocks, and sizes
Pass 2: Checking directory structure
Pass 3: Checking directory connectivity
Pass 4: Checking reference counts
Pass 5: Checking group summary information
/dev/vg1/lv1: 14/325120 files (7.1% non-contiguous), 275243/650240 blocks
[root@linux220 ~]# resize2fs -p /dev/vg1/lv1 2G
resize2fs 1.39 (29-May-2006)
Resizing the filesystem on /dev/vg1/lv1 to 524288 (4k) blocks.
Begin pass 3 (max = 20)
Scanning inode table XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
The filesystem on /dev/vg1/lv1 is now 524288 blocks long.
[root@linux220 ~]# lvreduce -L 2G /dev/vg1/lv1
/dev/cdrom: open failed: 읽기전용 파일 시스템
WARNING: Reducing active logical volume to 2.00 GB
THIS MAY DESTROY YOUR DATA (filesystem etc.)
Do you really want to reduce lv1? [y/n]: y
Reducing logical volume lv1 to 2.00 GB
Logical volume lv1 successfully resized
[root@linux220 ~]# lvs
LV VG Attr LSize Origin Snap% Move Log Copy% Convert
lv1 vg1 -wi-a- 2.00G
lv2 vg1 -wi-ao 1.49G
[root@linux220 ~]# mount /lv1
[root@linux220 ~]# df -h /lv1
Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/vg1-lv1
ext3 2.0G 1.1G 899M 54% /lv1
[root@linux220 ~]# ls /lv1
file10 file2 file3 lost+found
[root@linux220 ~]# cat /lv1/file10
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin
daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin
adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin
lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologin
sync:x:5:0:sync:/sbin:/bin/sync
shutdown:x:6:0:shutdown:/sbin:/sbin/shutdown
halt:x:7:0:halt:/sbin:/sbin/halt
mail:x:8:12:mail:/var/spool/mail:/sbin/nologin
news:x:9:13:news:/etc/news:
uucp:x:10:14:uucp:/var/spool/uucp:/sbin/nologin
operator:x:11:0:operator:/root:/sbin/nologin
games:x:12:100:games:/usr/games:/sbin/nologin
gopher:x:13:30:gopher:/var/gopher:/sbin/nologin
ftp:x:14:50:FTP User:/var/ftp:/sbin/nologin
nobody:x:99:99:Nobody:/:/sbin/nologin
distcache:x:94:94:Distcache:/:/sbin/nologin
nscd:x:28:28:NSCD Daemon:/:/sbin/nologin
vcsa:x:69:69:virtual console memory owner:/dev:/sbin/nologin
apache:x:48:48:Apache:/var/www:/sbin/nologin
rpc:x:32:32:Portmapper RPC user:/:/sbin/nologin
mailnull:x:47:47::/var/spool/mqueue:/sbin/nologin
smmsp:x:51:51::/var/spool/mqueue:/sbin/nologin
webalizer:x:67:67:Webalizer:/var/www/usage:/sbin/nologin
dovecot:x:97:97:dovecot:/usr/libexec/dovecot:/sbin/nologin
squid:x:23:23::/var/spool/squid:/sbin/nologin
pcap:x:77:77::/var/arpwatch:/sbin/nologin
ntp:x:38:38::/etc/ntp:/sbin/nologin
dbus:x:81:81:System message bus:/:/sbin/nologin
avahi:x:70:70:Avahi daemon:/:/sbin/nologin
rpcuser:x:29:29:RPC Service User:/var/lib/nfs:/sbin/nologin
nfsnobody:x:65534:65534:Anonymous NFS User:/var/lib/nfs:/sbin/nologin
named:x:25:25:Named:/var/named:/sbin/nologin
hsqldb:x:96:96::/var/lib/hsqldb:/sbin/nologin
sshd:x:74:74:Privilege-separated SSH:/var/empty/sshd:/sbin/nologin
haldaemon:x:68:68:HAL daemon:/:/sbin/nologin
avahi-autoipd:x:100:102:avahi-autoipd:/var/lib/avahi-autoipd:/sbin/nologin
xfs:x:43:43:X Font Server:/etc/X11/fs:/sbin/nologin
gdm:x:42:42::/var/gdm:/sbin/nologin
sabayon:x:86:86:Sabayon user:/home/sabayon:/sbin/nologin
fedora:x:500:500:fedora:/home/fedora:/bin/bash
[root@linux220 ~]# vgs
VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFree
vg1 4 2 0 wz--n- 3.97G 492.00M
[root@linux220 ~]# lvs
LV VG Attr LSize Origin Snap% Move Log Copy% Convert
lv1 vg1 -wi-ao 2.00G
lv2 vg1 -wi-ao 1.49G
(3-4) VG 안의 PV를 새로운 PV로 교체
VG 안에 PV를 새로운 PV로 교체하는 이유 (사용가능한 상태인데 교체하는것)
■ 성능이 좋은 디스크로 교체하는 경우(10000 rpm -> 15000 rpm)
■ 용량이 큰 디스크로 교체하는 경우(72G SCSI -> 250G SAS)
(전제조건) 새로운 디스크(EX: /dev/sdg, /dev/sdh)가 추가 되어 있고
하나의 파티션(/dev/sdg1, /dev/sdh1)으로 설정
(ㄱ) 서버 전원 OFF
# poweroff
(ㄴ) 새로운 디스크 장착
VMWare > VM > Setting > Add > Hard Disk > Create a new virtual disk > SCSI > 1G
(ㄷ) 서버 전원 ON 후 새로 장착된 디스크 확인
# ls -l /dev/sd? (# fdisk -l)
brw-r----- 1 root disk 8, 0 Apr 29 14:50 /dev/sda
brw-r----- 1 root disk 8, 16 Apr 29 14:50 /dev/sdb
brw-r----- 1 root disk 8, 32 Apr 29 14:50 /dev/sdc
brw-r----- 1 root disk 8, 48 Apr 29 14:50 /dev/sdd
brw-r----- 1 root disk 8, 64 Apr 29 14:50 /dev/sde
brw-r----- 1 root disk 8, 80 Apr 29 14:50 /dev/sdf
brw-r----- 1 root disk 8, 96 Apr 29 14:50 /dev/sdg
brw-r----- 1 root disk 8, 112 Apr 29 14:50 /dev/sdh
# ls /dev/sd?
# chkconfig --list kudzu
# poweroff
SCSI 1G 하드디스크 2장 추가
[root@linux220 ~]# ls /dev/sd?
/dev/sda /dev/sdb /dev/sdc /dev/sdd /dev/sde /dev/sdf /dev/sdg /dev/sdh
[root@linux220 ~]# pvs
PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree
/dev/sdc1 vg1 lvm2 a- 1016.00M 0
/dev/sdd1 vg1 lvm2 a- 1016.00M 0
/dev/sde1 vg1 lvm2 a- 1016.00M 0
/dev/sdf1 vg1 lvm2 a- 1016.00M 492.00M
[root@linux220 ~]# fdisk /dev/sdg
Device contains neither a valid DOS partition table, nor Sun, SGI or OSF disklabel
Building a new DOS disklabel. Changes will remain in memory only,
until you decide to write them. After that, of course, the previous
content won't be recoverable.
Warning: invalid flag 0x0000 of partition table 4 will be corrected by w(rite)
Command (m for help): m
Command action
a toggle a bootable flag
b edit bsd disklabel
c toggle the dos compatibility flag
d delete a partition
l list known partition types
m print this menu
n add a new partition
o create a new empty DOS partition table
p print the partition table
q quit without saving changes
s create a new empty Sun disklabel
t change a partition's system id
u change display/entry units
v verify the partition table
w write table to disk and exit
x extra functionality (experts only)
Command (m for help): t
No partition is defined yet!
Command (m for help): n
Command action
e extended
p primary partition (1-4)
p
Partition number (1-4): 1
First cylinder (1-130, default 1):
Using default value 1
Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK (1-130, default 130):
Using default value 130
Command (m for help): t
Selected partition 1
Hex code (type L to list codes): 8e
Changed system type of partition 1 to 8e (Linux LVM)
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
[root@linux220 ~]# fdisk -l /dev/sdg
Disk /dev/sdg: 1073 MB, 1073741824 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 130 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdg1 1 130 1044193+ 8e Linux LVM
[root@linux220 ~]# fdisk -l | grep LVM
Disk /dev/sdh doesn't contain a valid partition table
/dev/sdc1 1 130 1044193+ 8e Linux LVM
/dev/sdd1 1 130 1044193+ 8e Linux LVM
/dev/sde1 1 130 1044193+ 8e Linux LVM
/dev/sdf1 1 130 1044193+ 8e Linux LVM
/dev/sdg1 1 130 1044193+ 8e Linux LVM
[root@linux220 ~]# pvcreate /dev/sdg1
Physical volume "/dev/sdg1" successfully created
[root@linux220 ~]# pvs
PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree
/dev/sdc1 vg1 lvm2 a- 1016.00M 0
/dev/sdd1 vg1 lvm2 a- 1016.00M 0
/dev/sde1 vg1 lvm2 a- 1016.00M 0
/dev/sdf1 vg1 lvm2 a- 1016.00M 492.00M
/dev/sdg1 lvm2 -- 1019.72M 1019.72M
[root@linux220 ~]# vgextend vg1 /dev/sdg1
/dev/cdrom: open failed: 읽기전용 파일 시스템
/dev/cdrom: open failed: 읽기전용 파일 시스템
Attempt to close device '/dev/cdrom' which is not open.
Volume group "vg1" successfully extended
[root@linux220 ~]# pvs
PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree
/dev/sdc1 vg1 lvm2 a- 1016.00M 0
/dev/sdd1 vg1 lvm2 a- 1016.00M 0
/dev/sde1 vg1 lvm2 a- 1016.00M 0
/dev/sdf1 vg1 lvm2 a- 1016.00M 492.00M
/dev/sdg1 vg1 lvm2 a- 1016.00M 1016.00M
[root@linux220 ~]# pvmove /dev/sdf1 /dev/sdg1
/dev/sdf1: Moved: 100.0%
[root@linux220 ~]# pvs
PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree
/dev/sdc1 vg1 lvm2 a- 1016.00M 0
/dev/sdd1 vg1 lvm2 a- 1016.00M 0
/dev/sde1 vg1 lvm2 a- 1016.00M 0
/dev/sdf1 vg1 lvm2 a- 1016.00M 1016.00M
/dev/sdg1 vg1 lvm2 a- 1016.00M 492.00M
[root@linux220 ~]# vgreduce vg1 /dev/sdf1
/dev/cdrom: open failed: 읽기전용 파일 시스템
Removed "/dev/sdf1" from volume group "vg1"
[root@linux220 ~]# pvs
PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree
/dev/sdc1 vg1 lvm2 a- 1016.00M 0
/dev/sdd1 vg1 lvm2 a- 1016.00M 0
/dev/sde1 vg1 lvm2 a- 1016.00M 0
/dev/sdf1 lvm2 -- 1019.72M 1019.72M
/dev/sdg1 vg1 lvm2 a- 1016.00M 492.00M
(3-5) LV/VG/PV 삭제
■ 작업 순서
- umount 작업
- LV 삭제 (lvremove CMD)
- VG 삭제 (vgremove CMD)
- PV 삭제 (pvremove CMD)
[root@linux220 ~]# df -h
Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda1 ext3 36G 3.1G 31G 10% /
/dev/sda8 ext3 487M 11M 451M 3% /data1
/dev/sda7 ext3 487M 11M 451M 3% /data2
/dev/sda6 ext3 487M 11M 451M 3% /data3
/dev/sda5 ext3 487M 11M 451M 3% /data4
/dev/sda3 ext3 487M 11M 451M 3% /home
tmpfs tmpfs 506M 0 506M 0% /dev/shm
/dev/mapper/vg1-lv1
ext3 2.0G 1.1G 899M 54% /lv1
/dev/mapper/vg1-lv2
ext3 1.5G 418M 1017M 30% /lv2
/dev/hdc iso9660 3.9G 3.9G 0 100% /media/CentOS_5.5_Final
[root@linux220 ~]# umount /lv1
[root@linux220 ~]# umount /lv2
[root@linux220 ~]# df -h
Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda1 ext3 36G 3.1G 31G 10% /
/dev/sda8 ext3 487M 11M 451M 3% /data1
/dev/sda7 ext3 487M 11M 451M 3% /data2
/dev/sda6 ext3 487M 11M 451M 3% /data3
/dev/sda5 ext3 487M 11M 451M 3% /data4
/dev/sda3 ext3 487M 11M 451M 3% /home
tmpfs tmpfs 506M 0 506M 0% /dev/shm
/dev/hdc iso9660 3.9G 3.9G 0 100% /media/CentOS_5.5_Final
[root@linux220 ~]# vi /etc/fstab
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
#
# (3) LVM Configuration
#
#/dev/mapper/vg1-lv1 /lv1 ext3 defaults 1 2
#/dev/vg1/lv2 /lv2 ext3 defaults 1 2
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
[root@linux220 ~]# lvs
LV VG Attr LSize Origin Snap% Move Log Copy% Convert
lv1 vg1 -wi-a- 2.00G
lv2 vg1 -wi-a- 1.49G
[root@linux220 ~]# lvremove /dev/vg1/lv1
/dev/cdrom: open failed: 읽기전용 파일 시스템
Do you really want to remove active logical volume lv1? [y/n]: y
Logical volume "lv1" successfully removed
[root@linux220 ~]# lvremove /dev/vg1/lv2
/dev/cdrom: open failed: 읽기전용 파일 시스템
Do you really want to remove active logical volume lv2? [y/n]: y
Logical volume "lv2" successfully removed
[root@linux220 ~]# lvs
[root@linux220 ~]# vgs
VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFree
vg1 4 0 0 wz--n- 3.97G 3.97G
[root@linux220 ~]# vgremove /dev/vg1
/dev/cdrom: open failed: 읽기전용 파일 시스템
Volume group "vg1" successfully removed
[root@linux220 ~]# vgs
[root@linux220 ~]# pvs
PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree
/dev/sdc1 lvm2 -- 1019.72M 1019.72M
/dev/sdd1 lvm2 -- 1019.72M 1019.72M
/dev/sde1 lvm2 -- 1019.72M 1019.72M
/dev/sdf1 lvm2 -- 1019.72M 1019.72M
/dev/sdg1 lvm2 -- 1019.72M 1019.72M
[root@linux220 ~]# pvremove /dev/sd[cdefg]1
/dev/cdrom: open failed: 읽기전용 파일 시스템
Attempt to close device '/dev/cdrom' which is not open.
Labels on physical volume "/dev/sdc1" successfully wiped
/dev/cdrom: open failed: 읽기전용 파일 시스템
Attempt to close device '/dev/cdrom' which is not open.
Labels on physical volume "/dev/sdd1" successfully wiped
/dev/cdrom: open failed: 읽기전용 파일 시스템
Attempt to close device '/dev/cdrom' which is not open.
Labels on physical volume "/dev/sde1" successfully wiped
/dev/cdrom: open failed: 읽기전용 파일 시스템
Attempt to close device '/dev/cdrom' which is not open.
Labels on physical volume "/dev/sdf1" successfully wiped
/dev/cdrom: open failed: 읽기전용 파일 시스템
Attempt to close device '/dev/cdrom' which is not open.
Labels on physical volume "/dev/sdg1" successfully wiped
[root@linux220 ~]# pvs
(3-6) LV Striping 구성
LVM Stripe 방식의 특성
- 성능up, 안정성down(백업용데이터가없다), 디스크사용효율보통
(명령어 형식)
# lvcreate -L 50G -i2 -I64 -n lv1 vg1 /* -I : 대문자 i, 스트라이프 사이즈*/
-> -i 옵션: number of stripes, 스트라이프 사이즈
-> -I 옵션: stripe size(KB) - 기본값이 64KB
-> 2개의 PV에 걸쳐서 stripe 크기는 64KB 크기로 vg1에 lv1 구성
# lvextend -L +10G /dev/vg1/lv1 //기존용량에 +10G 하겠다
# lvextend -l +100%FREEE /dev/vg1/lv1 //-l 옵션은 문자열(string) 사용가능
# resize2fs CMD
[EX1] LV Stripe 구성
(선수작업) /dev/sdh1(System partition ID : 8e)
# fdisk /dev/sdh
-> /dev/sdh1 (System ID : 8e)
[root@linux220 ~]# fdisk /dev/sdh
Device contains neither a valid DOS partition table, nor Sun, SGI or OSF disklabel
Building a new DOS disklabel. Changes will remain in memory only,
until you decide to write them. After that, of course, the previous
content won't be recoverable.
Warning: invalid flag 0x0000 of partition table 4 will be corrected by w(rite)
Command (m for help): n
Command action
e extended
p primary partition (1-4)
p
Partition number (1-4): 1
First cylinder (1-130, default 1):
Using default value 1
Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK (1-130, default 130):
Using default value 130
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdh: 1073 MB, 1073741824 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 130 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdh1 1 130 1044193+ 83 Linux
Command (m for help): t
Selected partition 1
Hex code (type L to list codes): 8e
Changed system type of partition 1 to 8e (Linux LVM)
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdh: 1073 MB, 1073741824 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 130 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdh1 1 130 1044193+ 8e Linux LVM
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
[root@linux220 ~]# fdisk -l /dev/sdh
Disk /dev/sdh: 1073 MB, 1073741824 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 130 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdh1 1 130 1044193+ 8e Linux LVM
[root@linux220 ~]# pvs
[root@linux220 ~]# fdisk -l | grep LVM
/dev/sdc1 1 130 1044193+ 8e Linux LVM
/dev/sdd1 1 130 1044193+ 8e Linux LVM
/dev/sde1 1 130 1044193+ 8e Linux LVM
/dev/sdf1 1 130 1044193+ 8e Linux LVM
/dev/sdg1 1 130 1044193+ 8e Linux LVM
/dev/sdh1 1 130 1044193+ 8e Linux LVM
[root@linux220 ~]# pvcreate /dev/sd[cde]1
Physical volume "/dev/sdc1" successfully created
Physical volume "/dev/sdd1" successfully created
Physical volume "/dev/sde1" successfully created
[root@linux220 ~]# pvs
PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree
/dev/sdc1 lvm2 -- 1019.72M 1019.72M
/dev/sdd1 lvm2 -- 1019.72M 1019.72M
/dev/sde1 lvm2 -- 1019.72M 1019.72M
[root@linux220 ~]# vgcreate vg1 /dev/sd[cde]1
/dev/cdrom: open failed: 읽기전용 파일 시스템
/dev/cdrom: open failed: 읽기전용 파일 시스템
Attempt to close device '/dev/cdrom' which is not open.
/dev/cdrom: open failed: 읽기전용 파일 시스템
Attempt to close device '/dev/cdrom' which is not open.
/dev/cdrom: open failed: 읽기전용 파일 시스템
Attempt to close device '/dev/cdrom' which is not open.
Volume group "vg1" successfully created
[root@linux220 ~]# vgs
VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFree
vg1 3 0 0 wz--n- 2.98G 2.98G
[root@linux220 ~]# pvs
PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree
/dev/sdc1 vg1 lvm2 a- 1016.00M 1016.00M
/dev/sdd1 vg1 lvm2 a- 1016.00M 1016.00M
/dev/sde1 vg1 lvm2 a- 1016.00M 1016.00M
[root@linux220 ~]# lvcreate -L 1.5G -i 3 -I 64 -n stripelv vg1
/dev/cdrom: open failed: 읽기전용 파일 시스템
Logical volume "stripelv" created
[root@linux220 ~]# pvs
PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree
/dev/sdc1 vg1 lvm2 a- 1016.00M 504.00M
/dev/sdd1 vg1 lvm2 a- 1016.00M 504.00M
/dev/sde1 vg1 lvm2 a- 1016.00M 504.00M
[EX2] Striped LV 확장
[root@linux220 ~]# vgs
VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFree
vg1 3 1 0 wz--n- 2.98G 1.48G
[root@linux220 ~]# lvextend -l +100%FREE /dev/vg1/stripelv
/dev/cdrom: open failed: 읽기전용 파일 시스템
Using stripesize of last segment 64.00 KB
Extending logical volume stripelv to 2.98 GB
Logical volume stripelv successfully resized
[root@linux220 ~]# vgs
VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFree
vg1 3 1 0 wz--n- 2.98G 0
[root@linux220 ~]# pvs
PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree
/dev/sdc1 vg1 lvm2 a- 1016.00M 0
/dev/sdd1 vg1 lvm2 a- 1016.00M 0
/dev/sde1 vg1 lvm2 a- 1016.00M 0
[root@linux220 ~]# pvcreate /dev/sd[fgh]1
Physical volume "/dev/sdf1" successfully created
Physical volume "/dev/sdg1" successfully created
Physical volume "/dev/sdh1" successfully created
[root@linux220 ~]# vgextend vg1 /dev/sd[fgh]1
/dev/cdrom: open failed: 읽기전용 파일 시스템
/dev/cdrom: open failed: 읽기전용 파일 시스템
Attempt to close device '/dev/cdrom' which is not open.
Volume group "vg1" successfully extended
[root@linux220 ~]# vgs
VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFree
vg1 6 1 0 wz--n- 5.95G 2.98G
[root@linux220 ~]# pvs
PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree
/dev/sdc1 vg1 lvm2 a- 1016.00M 0
/dev/sdd1 vg1 lvm2 a- 1016.00M 0
/dev/sde1 vg1 lvm2 a- 1016.00M 0
/dev/sdf1 vg1 lvm2 a- 1016.00M 1016.00M
/dev/sdg1 vg1 lvm2 a- 1016.00M 1016.00M
/dev/sdh1 vg1 lvm2 a- 1016.00M 1016.00M
[root@linux220 ~]# lvextend -L +1.5G /dev/vg1/stripelv
/dev/cdrom: open failed: 읽기전용 파일 시스템
Using stripesize of last segment 64.00 KB
Extending logical volume stripelv to 4.48 GB
Logical volume stripelv successfully resized
[root@linux220 ~]# pvs
PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree
/dev/sdc1 vg1 lvm2 a- 1016.00M 0
/dev/sdd1 vg1 lvm2 a- 1016.00M 0
/dev/sde1 vg1 lvm2 a- 1016.00M 0
/dev/sdf1 vg1 lvm2 a- 1016.00M 504.00M
/dev/sdg1 vg1 lvm2 a- 1016.00M 504.00M
/dev/sdh1 vg1 lvm2 a- 1016.00M 504.00M
(추가적인 실습)
# lvs
# mkfs.ext3 /dev/vg1/stripelv
# mkdir –p /stripelv
# mount /dev/vg1/stripelv /stripelv (/etc/fstab)
# df –h
# dd if=/dev/zero of=/stripelv/file1 bs=1M count=150
# umount /stripelv (/etc/fstab)
#
[root@linux220 ~]# lvs
LV VG Attr LSize Origin Snap% Move Log Copy% Convert
stripelv vg1 -wi-a- 4.48G
[root@linux220 ~]# mkfs.ext3 /dev/vg1/stripelv
mke2fs 1.39 (29-May-2006)
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=4096 (log=2)
Fragment size=4096 (log=2)
587520 inodes, 1173504 blocks
58675 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=1203765248
36 block groups
32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
16320 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (32768 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
This filesystem will be automatically checked every 20 mounts or
180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.
[root@linux220 ~]# mkdir -p /stripelv
[root@linux220 ~]# mount /dev/vg1/stripelv /stripelv
[root@linux220 ~]# df -h
Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda1 ext3 36G 3.1G 31G 10% /
/dev/sda8 ext3 487M 11M 451M 3% /data1
/dev/sda7 ext3 487M 11M 451M 3% /data2
/dev/sda6 ext3 487M 11M 451M 3% /data3
/dev/sda5 ext3 487M 11M 451M 3% /data4
/dev/sda3 ext3 487M 11M 451M 3% /home
tmpfs tmpfs 506M 0 506M 0% /dev/shm
/dev/hdc iso9660 3.9G 3.9G 0 100% /media/CentOS_5.5_Final
/dev/mapper/vg1-stripelv
ext3 4.5G 138M 4.1G 4% /stripelv
[root@linux220 ~]# dd if=/dev/zero of=/stripelv/file1 bs=1M count=150
150+0 records in
150+0 records out
157286400 bytes (157 MB) copied, 0.945351 seconds, 166 MB/s
[root@linux220 ~]# cd
[root@linux220 ~]# umount /stripelv
[root@linux220 ~]# df -h
Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda1 ext3 36G 3.1G 31G 10% /
/dev/sda8 ext3 487M 11M 451M 3% /data1
/dev/sda7 ext3 487M 11M 451M 3% /data2
/dev/sda6 ext3 487M 11M 451M 3% /data3
/dev/sda5 ext3 487M 11M 451M 3% /data4
/dev/sda3 ext3 487M 11M 451M 3% /home
tmpfs tmpfs 506M 0 506M 0% /dev/shm
/dev/hdc iso9660 3.9G 3.9G 0 100% /media/CentOS_5.5_Final
(복원) LV/VG/PV 삭제
[root@linux220 ~]# lvs
LV VG Attr LSize Origin Snap% Move Log Copy% Convert
stripelv vg1 -wi-a- 4.48G
[root@linux220 ~]# lvremove /dev/vg1/stripelv
/dev/cdrom: open failed: 읽기전용 파일 시스템
Do you really want to remove active logical volume stripelv? [y/n]: y
Logical volume "stripelv" successfully removed
[root@linux220 ~]# vgs
VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFree
vg1 6 0 0 wz--n- 5.95G 5.95G
[root@linux220 ~]# vgremove /dev/vg1
/dev/cdrom: open failed: 읽기전용 파일 시스템
Volume group "vg1" successfully removed
[root@linux220 ~]# pvs
PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree
/dev/sdc1 lvm2 -- 1019.72M 1019.72M
/dev/sdd1 lvm2 -- 1019.72M 1019.72M
/dev/sde1 lvm2 -- 1019.72M 1019.72M
/dev/sdf1 lvm2 -- 1019.72M 1019.72M
/dev/sdg1 lvm2 -- 1019.72M 1019.72M
/dev/sdh1 lvm2 -- 1019.72M 1019.72M
[root@linux220 ~]# pvremove /dev/sd[cdefgh]1
/dev/cdrom: open failed: 읽기전용 파일 시스템
Attempt to close device '/dev/cdrom' which is not open.
Labels on physical volume "/dev/sdc1" successfully wiped
/dev/cdrom: open failed: 읽기전용 파일 시스템
Attempt to close device '/dev/cdrom' which is not open.
Labels on physical volume "/dev/sdd1" successfully wiped
/dev/cdrom: open failed: 읽기전용 파일 시스템
Attempt to close device '/dev/cdrom' which is not open.
Labels on physical volume "/dev/sde1" successfully wiped
/dev/cdrom: open failed: 읽기전용 파일 시스템
Attempt to close device '/dev/cdrom' which is not open.
Labels on physical volume "/dev/sdf1" successfully wiped
/dev/cdrom: open failed: 읽기전용 파일 시스템
Attempt to close device '/dev/cdrom' which is not open.
Labels on physical volume "/dev/sdg1" successfully wiped
/dev/cdrom: open failed: 읽기전용 파일 시스템
Attempt to close device '/dev/cdrom' which is not open.
Labels on physical volume "/dev/sdh1" successfully wiped
[root@linux220 ~]# pvs
(3-7) LV Mirroring 구성
Mirror 방식의 특성
- 성능(r/w) : read 좋아질수 있는 가능성이 있다(특이한경우에), write 떨어짐
- 안정성 : up 좋다 excellent
- 디스크 사용효율 : down 미러링 갯수만큼 1/n 의 효율
* 컨트롤러별로 나눠서 미러링을 구성하면 read 성능이 좋아질 수 있다
* 같은 컨트롤러에 연결되어있는 2장의 디스크에 미러링을 구성하면 성능이 떨어진다
(명령어 형식)
# lvcreate -L 50G -m 1 -n lv1 vg1 //-m 미러링 (ex -i 스트라이프)
-> -m 옵션: number of copies
# lvcreate -L 12G -m1 -n lv1 vg1 /dev/sdc1 /dev/sdd1
# lvextend -L +5G /dev/vg1/mirrorlv —nosync //데이터동기화 하지 않겠다 용량 증설할때
[EX1] LV Mirroring 구성
[root@linux220 ~]# fdisk -l | grep LVM
/dev/sdc1 1 130 1044193+ 8e Linux LVM
/dev/sdd1 1 130 1044193+ 8e Linux LVM
/dev/sde1 1 130 1044193+ 8e Linux LVM
/dev/sdf1 1 130 1044193+ 8e Linux LVM
/dev/sdg1 1 130 1044193+ 8e Linux LVM
/dev/sdh1 1 130 1044193+ 8e Linux LVM
[root@linux220 ~]# pvs
[root@linux220 ~]# pvcreate /dev/sd[cdef]1
Physical volume "/dev/sdc1" successfully created
Physical volume "/dev/sdd1" successfully created
Physical volume "/dev/sde1" successfully created
Physical volume "/dev/sdf1" successfully created
[root@linux220 ~]# pvs
PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree
/dev/sdc1 lvm2 -- 1019.72M 1019.72M
/dev/sdd1 lvm2 -- 1019.72M 1019.72M
/dev/sde1 lvm2 -- 1019.72M 1019.72M
/dev/sdf1 lvm2 -- 1019.72M 1019.72M
[root@linux220 ~]# vgcreate vg1 /dev/sd[cde]1
/dev/cdrom: open failed: 읽기전용 파일 시스템
/dev/cdrom: open failed: 읽기전용 파일 시스템
Attempt to close device '/dev/cdrom' which is not open.
/dev/cdrom: open failed: 읽기전용 파일 시스템
Attempt to close device '/dev/cdrom' which is not open.
/dev/cdrom: open failed: 읽기전용 파일 시스템
Attempt to close device '/dev/cdrom' which is not open.
Volume group "vg1" successfully created
[root@linux220 ~]# pvs
PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree
/dev/sdc1 vg1 lvm2 a- 1016.00M 1016.00M
/dev/sdd1 vg1 lvm2 a- 1016.00M 1016.00M
/dev/sde1 vg1 lvm2 a- 1016.00M 1016.00M
/dev/sdf1 lvm2 -- 1019.72M 1019.72M
[root@linux220 ~]# vgs
VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFree
vg1 3 0 0 wz--n- 2.98G 2.98G
[root@linux220 ~]# lvcreate -L 100M -m 1 -n mirrorlv vg1
/dev/cdrom: open failed: 읽기전용 파일 시스템
Logical volume "mirrorlv" created
[root@linux220 ~]# pvs
PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree
/dev/sdc1 vg1 lvm2 a- 1016.00M 916.00M
/dev/sdd1 vg1 lvm2 a- 1016.00M 916.00M
/dev/sde1 vg1 lvm2 a- 1016.00M 1012.00M
/dev/sdf1 lvm2 -- 1019.72M 1019.72M
[root@linux220 ~]#
[root@linux220 ~]#
[root@linux220 ~]# [EX2] LV Mirror 확장하기
[root@linux220 ~]#
[root@linux220 ~]#
[root@linux220 ~]# lvextend -L +100M /dev/vg1/mirrorlv
/dev/cdrom: open failed: 읽기전용 파일 시스템
Extending 2 mirror images.
Extending logical volume mirrorlv to 200.00 MB
Logical volume mirrorlv successfully resized
[root@linux220 ~]# pvs
PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree
/dev/sdc1 vg1 lvm2 a- 1016.00M 816.00M
/dev/sdd1 vg1 lvm2 a- 1016.00M 816.00M
/dev/sde1 vg1 lvm2 a- 1016.00M 1012.00M
/dev/sdf1 lvm2 -- 1019.72M 1019.72M
(추가적인 작업)
# lvs
# mkfs.ext3 /dev/vg1/mirrorlv
# mkdir –p /mirrorlv ; mount /dev/vg1/mirrorlv /mirrorlv (/etc/fstab)
# df –h
# umount /mirrorlv (/etc/fstab)
(원복) LV/VG/PV 삭제
# lvremove /dev/vg1/mirrorlv
# vgremove /dev/vg1
# pvremove /dev/sd[cdef]1
[root@linux220 ~]# lvs
LV VG Attr LSize Origin Snap% Move Log Copy% Convert
mirrorlv vg1 mwi-a- 200.00M mirrorlv_mlog 100.00
[root@linux220 ~]# mkfs.ext3 /dev/vg1/mirrorlv
mke2fs 1.39 (29-May-2006)
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=1024 (log=0)
Fragment size=1024 (log=0)
51200 inodes, 204800 blocks
10240 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=1
Maximum filesystem blocks=67371008
25 block groups
8192 blocks per group, 8192 fragments per group
2048 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
8193, 24577, 40961, 57345, 73729
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (4096 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
This filesystem will be automatically checked every 34 mounts or
180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.
[root@linux220 ~]# mkdir -p /mirrorlv ; mount /dev/vg1/mirrorlv /mirrorlv
[root@linux220 ~]# df -h
Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda1 ext3 36G 3.1G 31G 10% /
/dev/sda8 ext3 487M 11M 451M 3% /data1
/dev/sda7 ext3 487M 11M 451M 3% /data2
/dev/sda6 ext3 487M 11M 451M 3% /data3
/dev/sda5 ext3 487M 11M 451M 3% /data4
/dev/sda3 ext3 487M 11M 451M 3% /home
tmpfs tmpfs 506M 0 506M 0% /dev/shm
/dev/hdc iso9660 3.9G 3.9G 0 100% /media/CentOS_5.5_Final
/dev/mapper/vg1-mirrorlv
ext3 194M 5.6M 179M 4% /mirrorlv
[root@linux220 ~]# umount /mirrorlv
[root@linux220 ~]# lvremove /dev/vg1/mirrorlv
/dev/cdrom: open failed: 읽기전용 파일 시스템
Do you really want to remove active logical volume mirrorlv? [y/n]: y
Logical volume "mirrorlv" successfully removed
[root@linux220 ~]# vgremove /dev/vg1
/dev/cdrom: open failed: 읽기전용 파일 시스템
Volume group "vg1" successfully removed
[root@linux220 ~]# pvremove /dev/sd[cdef]1
/dev/cdrom: open failed: 읽기전용 파일 시스템
Attempt to close device '/dev/cdrom' which is not open.
Labels on physical volume "/dev/sdc1" successfully wiped
/dev/cdrom: open failed: 읽기전용 파일 시스템
Attempt to close device '/dev/cdrom' which is not open.
Labels on physical volume "/dev/sdd1" successfully wiped
/dev/cdrom: open failed: 읽기전용 파일 시스템
Attempt to close device '/dev/cdrom' which is not open.
Labels on physical volume "/dev/sde1" successfully wiped
/dev/cdrom: open failed: 읽기전용 파일 시스템
Attempt to close device '/dev/cdrom' which is not open.
Labels on physical volume "/dev/sdf1" successfully wiped
[root@linux220 ~]# pvs
■ (추가적인 실습 1)
(ㄱ) 디스크 준비
/dev/sdc1(1G), /dev/sdd1(1G), /dev/sde1(1G), /dev/sdf1(1G), /dev/sdg1(1G), /dev/sdh1(1G)
(ㄴ) 생성과정
PV(pvcreate) -> VG(vgcreate) -> LV(lvcreate) -> F/S(mkfs.ext3) -> Mount(mount,/etc/fstab)
(ㄷ) 작업 시나리오
VG1(/dev/sdc1, /dev/sdd1, /dev/sde1)
LV1(1.5G) ----> /lvm1 (마운트 포인터)
LV2(1.5G) ----> /lvm2 (마운트 포인터)
VG2(/dev/sdf1, /dev/sdg1)
LV3(1G) ----> /lvm3 (마운트 포인터)
LV4(1G) ----> /lvm4 (마운트 포인터)
VG2에 /dev/sdh1 디스크 추가(vgextend, lvextend, resize2fs)
LV4(/lvm4) 용량(EX:1G) 모두 할당
reboot 후에 확인
(ㄹ) 삭제
언마운트(umount, /etc/fstab) -> LV 삭제(lvremove) -> VG 삭제(vgremove) -> PV 삭제(pvremove)
(ㅁ) 참고
# pvscan (# pvs)
# vgscan (# vgs)
# lvscan (# lvs)
# pvdisplay
# vgdisplay
# lvdisplay
---------------------------------- 작업 과정 ---------------------------------------
(선수작업) VMWare > VM > CD-ROM > "CD" 사용하지 않도록 작업(마운트 되지 않도록)
(1) 디스크 준비
- 각 DISK를 PV로 생성한다.
# fdisk /dev/sdc (/de/sdc1(System ID : 8e))
# fdisk /dev/sdd (/de/sdd1(System ID : 8e))
# fdisk /dev/sde (/de/sde1(System ID : 8e))
# fdisk /dev/sdf (/de/sdf1(System ID : 8e))
# fdisk /dev/sdg (/de/sdg1(System ID : 8e))
# fdisk /dev/sdh (/de/sdh1(System ID : 8e))
# fdisk -l | grep LVM
(2) PV 생성
# pvcreate /dev/sdc1 (# pvcreate /dev/sd[cdefgh]1)
# pvcreate /dev/sdd1
# pvcreate /dev/sde1
# pvcreate /dev/sdf1
# pvcreate /dev/sdg1
# pvcreate /dev/sdh1
# pvscan
# pvdisplay
# pvs
(3) VG 생성
# vgcreate VG1 /dev/sdc1 /dev/sdd1 /dev/sde1 (# vgcreate VG1 /dev/sd[cde]1)
# vgcreate VG2 /dev/sdf1 /dev/sdg1 (# vgcreate VG2 /dev/sd[fg]1)
# vgscan
# vgdisplay
# vgs
# pvs
(4) LV 생성
# lvcreate -L 1500M -n LV1 VG1 (# lvcreate -L 1.5G -n LV1 VG1)
# lvcreate -L 1500M -n LV2 VG1 (# lvcreate -l 100%FREE -n LV2 VG1)
# lvcreate -L 1000M -n LV3 VG2 (# lvcreate -L 1G -n LV3 VG2)
# lvcreate -L 1000M -n LV4 VG2 (# lvcreate -l 100%FREE -n LV4 VG2)
# lvscan
# lvdisplay
# lvs
(5) 파일시스템 작업
# mkfs.ext3 /dev/VG1/LV1
# mkfs.ext3 /dev/VG1/LV2
# mkfs.ext3 /dev/VG2/LV3
# mkfs.ext3 /dev/VG2/LV4
# tune2fs -l /dev/VG1/LV1
(6) 마운트 작업
# mkdir /lvm1 /lvm2 /lvm3 /lvm4
# mount /dev/VG1/LV1 /lvm1
# mount /dev/VG1/LV2 /lvm2
# mount /dev/VG2/LV3 /lvm3
# mount /dev/VG2/LV4 /lvm4
# vi /etc/fstab
# df -h (# mount)
(7) 용량 늘리는 작업
# vgextend VG2 /dev/sdh1
# lvextend -L +1000M /dev/VG2/LV4 (# lvextend -l +100%FREE /dev/VG2/LV4)
# resize2fs /dev/VG2/LV4
# df -h
(8) 재부팅
# init 6 (# reboot)
부팅 이후에 확인
# df -h
(9) 삭제 작업
# umount /lvm1
# umount /lvm2
# umount /lvm3
# umount /lvm4
# vi /etc/fstab
# df -h
# lvremove /dev/VG1/LV1 (# lvremove /dev/VG[12]/LV[12])
# lvremove /dev/VG1/LV2
# lvremove /dev/VG2/LV3
# lvremove /dev/VG2/LV4
# lvscan
# vgremove VG1
# vgremove VG2
# vgscan
# pvremove /dev/sdc1 (# pvremove /dev/sd[cdefgh]1)
# pvremove /dev/sdd1
# pvremove /dev/sde1
# pvremove /dev/sdf1
# pvremove /dev/sdg1
# pvremove /dev/sdh1
# pvscan
[참고] pvremove 명령어로 삭제 했지만 pvscan 결과에 표시가 나는 경우
# dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sdc1 bs=512 count=2
# pvscan
---------------------------------- 작업 과정 ---------------------------------------
[root@linux220 ~]# ls -l /dev/sd?
brw-r----- 1 root disk 8, 0 4월 25 17:38 /dev/sda
brw-r----- 1 root disk 8, 16 4월 25 17:38 /dev/sdb
brw-r----- 1 root disk 8, 32 4월 25 17:38 /dev/sdc
brw-r----- 1 root disk 8, 48 4월 25 17:38 /dev/sdd
brw-r----- 1 root disk 8, 64 4월 25 17:38 /dev/sde
brw-r----- 1 root disk 8, 80 4월 25 17:38 /dev/sdf
brw-r----- 1 root disk 8, 96 4월 25 17:41 /dev/sdg
brw-r----- 1 root disk 8, 112 4월 25 18:50 /dev/sdh
[root@linux220 ~]# reboot
|---> ~/.bashrc read
|---> /etc/bashrc read
|---> /etc/profile.d/*.sh read
[root@linux220 ~]# fdisk -l grep LVM
[root@linux220 ~]# fdisk -l | grep LVM
/dev/sdc1 1 130 1044193+ 8e Linux LVM
/dev/sdd1 1 130 1044193+ 8e Linux LVM
/dev/sde1 1 130 1044193+ 8e Linux LVM
/dev/sdf1 1 130 1044193+ 8e Linux LVM
/dev/sdg1 1 130 1044193+ 8e Linux LVM
/dev/sdh1 1 130 1044193+ 8e Linux LVM
[root@linux220 ~]# pvcreate /dev/sd[cdefgh]1
Physical volume "/dev/sdc1" successfully created
Physical volume "/dev/sdd1" successfully created
Physical volume "/dev/sde1" successfully created
Physical volume "/dev/sdf1" successfully created
Physical volume "/dev/sdg1" successfully created
Physical volume "/dev/sdh1" successfully created
[root@linux220 ~]# pvs
/dev/cdrom: open failed: 매개물이 없음
PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree
/dev/sdc1 lvm2 -- 1019.72M 1019.72M
/dev/sdd1 lvm2 -- 1019.72M 1019.72M
/dev/sde1 lvm2 -- 1019.72M 1019.72M
/dev/sdf1 lvm2 -- 1019.72M 1019.72M
/dev/sdg1 lvm2 -- 1019.72M 1019.72M
/dev/sdh1 lvm2 -- 1019.72M 1019.72M
[root@linux220 ~]# vgcreate VG1 /dev/sd[cde]1
/dev/cdrom: open failed: 매개물이 없음
Volume group "VG1" successfully created
[root@linux220 ~]# umount /dev/cdrom
umount: /dev/cdrom: not mounted
[root@linux220 ~]# vgcreate VG2 /dev/sd[fg]1
/dev/cdrom: open failed: 매개물이 없음
Volume group "VG2" successfully created
[root@linux220 ~]# df -h
Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda1 ext3 36G 3.1G 31G 10% /
/dev/sda8 ext3 487M 11M 451M 3% /data1
/dev/sda7 ext3 487M 11M 451M 3% /data2
/dev/sda6 ext3 487M 11M 451M 3% /data3
/dev/sda5 ext3 487M 11M 451M 3% /data4
/dev/sda3 ext3 487M 11M 451M 3% /home
tmpfs tmpfs 506M 0 506M 0% /dev/shm
[root@linux220 ~]# vgs
/dev/cdrom: open failed: 매개물이 없음
VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFree
VG1 3 0 0 wz--n- 2.98G 2.98G
VG2 2 0 0 wz--n- 1.98G 1.98G
[root@linux220 ~]# pvs
/dev/cdrom: open failed: 매개물이 없음
PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree
/dev/sdc1 VG1 lvm2 a- 1016.00M 1016.00M
/dev/sdd1 VG1 lvm2 a- 1016.00M 1016.00M
/dev/sde1 VG1 lvm2 a- 1016.00M 1016.00M
/dev/sdf1 VG2 lvm2 a- 1016.00M 1016.00M
/dev/sdg1 VG2 lvm2 a- 1016.00M 1016.00M
/dev/sdh1 lvm2 -- 1019.72M 1019.72M
[root@linux220 ~]# lvcreate -L 1.5G -n LV1 VG1
/dev/cdrom: open failed: 매개물이 없음
Logical volume "LV1" created
[root@linux220 ~]# lvcreate -l 100%FREE -n LV2 VG1
/dev/cdrom: open failed: 매개물이 없음
Logical volume "LV2" created
[root@linux220 ~]# lvs
/dev/cdrom: open failed: 매개물이 없음
LV VG Attr LSize Origin Snap% Move Log Copy% Convert
LV1 VG1 -wi-a- 1.50G
LV2 VG1 -wi-a- 1.48G
[root@linux220 ~]# lvcreate -L 1G -n LV3 VG2
/dev/cdrom: open failed: 매개물이 없음
Logical volume "LV3" created
[root@linux220 ~]# lvcreate -l 100%FREE -n LV4 VG2
/dev/cdrom: open failed: 매개물이 없음
Logical volume "LV4" created
[root@linux220 ~]# lvs
/dev/cdrom: open failed: 매개물이 없음
LV VG Attr LSize Origin Snap% Move Log Copy% Convert
LV1 VG1 -wi-a- 1.50G
LV2 VG1 -wi-a- 1.48G
LV3 VG2 -wi-a- 1.00G
LV4 VG2 -wi-a- 1008.00M
[root@linux220 ~]# mkfs.ext3 /dev/VG1/LV1
mke2fs 1.39 (29-May-2006)
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=4096 (log=2)
Fragment size=4096 (log=2)
196608 inodes, 393216 blocks
19660 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=402653184
12 block groups
32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
16384 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (8192 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
This filesystem will be automatically checked every 33 mounts or
180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.
[root@linux220 ~]# mkfs.ext3 /dev/VG1/LV2
mke2fs 1.39 (29-May-2006)
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=4096 (log=2)
Fragment size=4096 (log=2)
193536 inodes, 387072 blocks
19353 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=398458880
12 block groups
32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
16128 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (8192 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
This filesystem will be automatically checked every 35 mounts or
180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.
[root@linux220 ~]# ls VG*
ls: VG*: 그런 파일이나 디렉토리가 없음
[root@linux220 ~]# ls /dev/VG*
/dev/VG1:
LV1 LV2
/dev/VG2:
LV3 LV4
[root@linux220 ~]# mkfs.ext3 /dev/VG2/LV3
mke2fs 1.39 (29-May-2006)
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=4096 (log=2)
Fragment size=4096 (log=2)
131072 inodes, 262144 blocks
13107 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=268435456
8 block groups
32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
16384 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (8192 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
This filesystem will be automatically checked every 31 mounts or
180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.
[root@linux220 ~]# mkfs.ext3 /dev/VG2/LV4
mke2fs 1.39 (29-May-2006)
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=4096 (log=2)
Fragment size=4096 (log=2)
129024 inodes, 258048 blocks
12902 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=264241152
8 block groups
32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
16128 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (4096 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
This filesystem will be automatically checked every 34 mounts or
180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.
[root@linux220 ~]# mkdir -p /lvm{1,2,3,4}
[root@linux220 ~]# ls -ld /lvm*
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4.0K 4월 25 20:41 /lvm1
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4.0K 4월 25 20:41 /lvm2
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4.0K 4월 25 20:41 /lvm3
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4.0K 4월 25 20:41 /lvm4
[root@linux220 ~]# vi /etc/fstab
[root@linux220 ~]# cat /etc/fstab
LABEL=/ / ext3 defaults 1 1
LABEL=/data1 /data1 ext3 defaults 1 2
LABEL=/data2 /data2 ext3 defaults 1 2
LABEL=/data3 /data3 ext3 defaults 1 2
LABEL=/data4 /data4 ext3 defaults 1 2
LABEL=/home /home ext3 defaults 1 2
tmpfs /dev/shm tmpfs defaults 0 0
devpts /dev/pts devpts gid=5,mode=620 0 0
sysfs /sys sysfs defaults 0 0
proc /proc proc defaults 0 0
LABEL=SWAP-sda2 swap swap defaults 0 0
#
# (1) Specific Configuration(EX: Normal Disk Works)
#
#/dev/sdb1 /testmount ext3 defaults 1 2
#LABEL=/testmount /testmount ext3 defaults 1 2
#
# (2) Oracle Disk Mount
#
#/dev/sdc1 /oracle ext3 defaults 1 2
#
# (3) LVM Configuration
#
#/dev/mapper/vg1-lv1 /lv1 ext3 defaults 1 2
#/dev/vg1/lv2 /lv2 ext3 defaults 1 2
/dev/VG1/LV1 /lvm1 ext3 defaults 1 2
/dev/VG1/LV2 /lvm2 ext3 defaults 1 2
/dev/VG2/LV3 /lvm3 ext3 defaults 1 2
/dev/VG2/LV4 /lvm4 ext3 defaults 1 2
[root@linux220 ~]# mount /lvm1
[root@linux220 ~]# mount /lvm2
[root@linux220 ~]# mount /lvm3
[root@linux220 ~]# mount /lvm4
[root@linux220 ~]# df -h
Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda1 ext3 36G 3.1G 31G 10% /
/dev/sda8 ext3 487M 11M 451M 3% /data1
/dev/sda7 ext3 487M 11M 451M 3% /data2
/dev/sda6 ext3 487M 11M 451M 3% /data3
/dev/sda5 ext3 487M 11M 451M 3% /data4
/dev/sda3 ext3 487M 11M 451M 3% /home
tmpfs tmpfs 506M 0 506M 0% /dev/shm
/dev/mapper/VG1-LV1
ext3 1.5G 35M 1.4G 3% /lvm1
/dev/mapper/VG1-LV2
ext3 1.5G 35M 1.4G 3% /lvm2
/dev/mapper/VG2-LV3
ext3 1008M 34M 924M 4% /lvm3
/dev/mapper/VG2-LV4
ext3 993M 18M 925M 2% /lvm4
[root@linux220 ~]# vgs
/dev/cdrom: open failed: 매개물이 없음
VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFree
VG1 3 2 0 wz--n- 2.98G 0
VG2 2 2 0 wz--n- 1.98G 0
[root@linux220 ~]# pvs
/dev/cdrom: open failed: 매개물이 없음
PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree
/dev/sdc1 VG1 lvm2 a- 1016.00M 0
/dev/sdd1 VG1 lvm2 a- 1016.00M 0
/dev/sde1 VG1 lvm2 a- 1016.00M 0
/dev/sdf1 VG2 lvm2 a- 1016.00M 0
/dev/sdg1 VG2 lvm2 a- 1016.00M 0
/dev/sdh1 lvm2 -- 1019.72M 1019.72M
[root@linux220 ~]# lvextend --help
lvextend: Add space to a logical volume
lvextend
[-A|--autobackup y|n]
[--alloc AllocationPolicy]
[-d|--debug]
[-f|--force]
[-h|--help]
[-i|--stripes Stripes [-I|--stripesize StripeSize]]
{-l|--extents [+]LogicalExtentsNumber[%{VG|PVS|FREE}] |
-L|--size [+]LogicalVolumeSize[bBsSkKmMgGtTpPeE]}
[-m|--mirrors Mirrors]
[-n|--nofsck]
[--noudevsync]
[-r|--resizefs]
[-t|--test]
[--type VolumeType]
[-v|--verbose]
[--version]
LogicalVolume[Path] [ PhysicalVolumePath... ]
[root@linux220 ~]# vgextend --help
vgextend: Add physical volumes to a volume group
vgextend
[-A|--autobackup y|n]
[-d|--debug]
[-h|--help]
[-t|--test]
[-v|--verbose]
[--version]
[ PHYSICAL DEVICE OPTIONS ]
VolumeGroupName PhysicalDevicePath [PhysicalDevicePath...]
[root@linux220 ~]# vgextend VG2 /dev/sdh1
/dev/cdrom: open failed: 매개물이 없음
Volume group "VG2" successfully extended
[root@linux220 ~]# vgs
/dev/cdrom: open failed: 매개물이 없음
VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFree
VG1 3 2 0 wz--n- 2.98G 0
VG2 3 2 0 wz--n- 2.98G 1016.00M
[root@linux220 ~]# pvs
/dev/cdrom: open failed: 매개물이 없음
PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree
/dev/sdc1 VG1 lvm2 a- 1016.00M 0
/dev/sdd1 VG1 lvm2 a- 1016.00M 0
/dev/sde1 VG1 lvm2 a- 1016.00M 0
/dev/sdf1 VG2 lvm2 a- 1016.00M 0
/dev/sdg1 VG2 lvm2 a- 1016.00M 0
/dev/sdh1 VG2 lvm2 a- 1016.00M 1016.00M
[root@linux220 ~]# lvextend --help
lvextend: Add space to a logical volume
lvextend
[-A|--autobackup y|n]
[--alloc AllocationPolicy]
[-d|--debug]
[-f|--force]
[-h|--help]
[-i|--stripes Stripes [-I|--stripesize StripeSize]]
{-l|--extents [+]LogicalExtentsNumber[%{VG|PVS|FREE}] |
-L|--size [+]LogicalVolumeSize[bBsSkKmMgGtTpPeE]}
[-m|--mirrors Mirrors]
[-n|--nofsck]
[--noudevsync]
[-r|--resizefs]
[-t|--test]
[--type VolumeType]
[-v|--verbose]
[--version]
LogicalVolume[Path] [ PhysicalVolumePath... ]
[root@linux220 ~]# lvextend -l +100%FREE /dev/VG2/LV4
/dev/cdrom: open failed: 매개물이 없음
Extending logical volume LV4 to 1.98 GB
Logical volume LV4 successfully resized
[root@linux220 ~]# df -h
Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda1 ext3 36G 3.1G 31G 10% /
/dev/sda8 ext3 487M 11M 451M 3% /data1
/dev/sda7 ext3 487M 11M 451M 3% /data2
/dev/sda6 ext3 487M 11M 451M 3% /data3
/dev/sda5 ext3 487M 11M 451M 3% /data4
/dev/sda3 ext3 487M 11M 451M 3% /home
tmpfs tmpfs 506M 0 506M 0% /dev/shm
/dev/mapper/VG1-LV1
ext3 1.5G 35M 1.4G 3% /lvm1
/dev/mapper/VG1-LV2
ext3 1.5G 35M 1.4G 3% /lvm2
/dev/mapper/VG2-LV3
ext3 1008M 34M 924M 4% /lvm3
/dev/mapper/VG2-LV4
ext3 993M 18M 925M 2% /lvm4
[root@linux220 ~]# resize2fs --help
resize2fs 1.39 (29-May-2006)
resize2fs: 부적절한 옵션 -- -
Usage: resize2fs [-d debug_flags] [-f] [-F] [-p] device [new_size]
[root@linux220 ~]# resize2fs /dev/VG2/LV4
resize2fs 1.39 (29-May-2006)
Filesystem at /dev/VG2/LV4 is mounted on /lvm4; on-line resizing required
Performing an on-line resize of /dev/VG2/LV4 to 518144 (4k) blocks.
The filesystem on /dev/VG2/LV4 is now 518144 blocks long.
[root@linux220 ~]# df -h
Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda1 ext3 36G 3.1G 31G 10% /
/dev/sda8 ext3 487M 11M 451M 3% /data1
/dev/sda7 ext3 487M 11M 451M 3% /data2
/dev/sda6 ext3 487M 11M 451M 3% /data3
/dev/sda5 ext3 487M 11M 451M 3% /data4
/dev/sda3 ext3 487M 11M 451M 3% /home
tmpfs tmpfs 506M 0 506M 0% /dev/shm
/dev/mapper/VG1-LV1
ext3 1.5G 35M 1.4G 3% /lvm1
/dev/mapper/VG1-LV2
ext3 1.5G 35M 1.4G 3% /lvm2
/dev/mapper/VG2-LV3
ext3 1008M 34M 924M 4% /lvm3
/dev/mapper/VG2-LV4
ext3 2.0G 18M 1.9G 1% /lvm4
[root@linux220 ~]# umount /lvm1
[root@linux220 ~]# umount /lvm2
[root@linux220 ~]# umount /lvm3
[root@linux220 ~]# umount /lvm4
[root@linux220 ~]# df -h
Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda1 ext3 36G 3.1G 31G 10% /
/dev/sda8 ext3 487M 11M 451M 3% /data1
/dev/sda7 ext3 487M 11M 451M 3% /data2
/dev/sda6 ext3 487M 11M 451M 3% /data3
/dev/sda5 ext3 487M 11M 451M 3% /data4
/dev/sda3 ext3 487M 11M 451M 3% /home
tmpfs tmpfs 506M 0 506M 0% /dev/shm
[root@linux220 ~]# vi /etc/fstab
[root@linux220 ~]# cat /etc/fstab
LABEL=/ / ext3 defaults 1 1
LABEL=/data1 /data1 ext3 defaults 1 2
LABEL=/data2 /data2 ext3 defaults 1 2
LABEL=/data3 /data3 ext3 defaults 1 2
LABEL=/data4 /data4 ext3 defaults 1 2
LABEL=/home /home ext3 defaults 1 2
tmpfs /dev/shm tmpfs defaults 0 0
devpts /dev/pts devpts gid=5,mode=620 0 0
sysfs /sys sysfs defaults 0 0
proc /proc proc defaults 0 0
LABEL=SWAP-sda2 swap swap defaults 0 0
#
# (1) Specific Configuration(EX: Normal Disk Works)
#
#/dev/sdb1 /testmount ext3 defaults 1 2
#LABEL=/testmount /testmount ext3 defaults 1 2
#
# (2) Oracle Disk Mount
#
#/dev/sdc1 /oracle ext3 defaults 1 2
#
# (3) LVM Configuration
#
#/dev/mapper/vg1-lv1 /lv1 ext3 defaults 1 2
#/dev/vg1/lv2 /lv2 ext3 defaults 1 2
#/dev/VG1/LV1 /lvm1 ext3 defaults 1 2
#/dev/VG1/LV2 /lvm2 ext3 defaults 1 2
#/dev/VG2/LV3 /lvm3 ext3 defaults 1 2
#/dev/VG2/LV4 /lvm4 ext3 defaults 1 2
[root@linux220 ~]# lvs
/dev/cdrom: open failed: 매개물이 없음
LV VG Attr LSize Origin Snap% Move Log Copy% Convert
LV1 VG1 -wi-a- 1.50G
LV2 VG1 -wi-a- 1.48G
LV3 VG2 -wi-a- 1.00G
LV4 VG2 -wi-a- 1.98G
[root@linux220 ~]# lvremove /dev/VG1/LV1
/dev/cdrom: open failed: 매개물이 없음
Do you really want to remove active logical volume LV1? [y/n]: y
Logical volume "LV1" successfully removed
[root@linux220 ~]# lvremove /dev/VG1/LV2
/dev/cdrom: open failed: 매개물이 없음
Do you really want to remove active logical volume LV2? [y/n]: y
Logical volume "LV2" successfully removed
[root@linux220 ~]# lvremove /dev/VG2/LV3
/dev/cdrom: open failed: 매개물이 없음
Do you really want to remove active logical volume LV3? [y/n]: y
Logical volume "LV3" successfully removed
[root@linux220 ~]# lvremove /dev/VG2/LV4
/dev/cdrom: open failed: 매개물이 없음
Do you really want to remove active logical volume LV4? [y/n]: y
Logical volume "LV4" successfully removed
[root@linux220 ~]# vgs
/dev/cdrom: open failed: 매개물이 없음
VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFree
VG1 3 0 0 wz--n- 2.98G 2.98G
VG2 3 0 0 wz--n- 2.98G 2.98G
[root@linux220 ~]# vgremove /dev/VG1
/dev/cdrom: open failed: 매개물이 없음
Volume group "VG1" successfully removed
[root@linux220 ~]# vgremove /dev/VG2
/dev/cdrom: open failed: 매개물이 없음
Volume group "VG2" successfully removed
[root@linux220 ~]# pvs
/dev/cdrom: open failed: 매개물이 없음
PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree
/dev/sdc1 lvm2 -- 1019.72M 1019.72M
/dev/sdd1 lvm2 -- 1019.72M 1019.72M
/dev/sde1 lvm2 -- 1019.72M 1019.72M
/dev/sdf1 lvm2 -- 1019.72M 1019.72M
/dev/sdg1 lvm2 -- 1019.72M 1019.72M
/dev/sdh1 lvm2 -- 1019.72M 1019.72M
[root@linux220 ~]# pvremove /dev/sd[cdefgh]1
Labels on physical volume "/dev/sdc1" successfully wiped
Labels on physical volume "/dev/sdd1" successfully wiped
Labels on physical volume "/dev/sde1" successfully wiped
Labels on physical volume "/dev/sdf1" successfully wiped
Labels on physical volume "/dev/sdg1" successfully wiped
Labels on physical volume "/dev/sdh1" successfully wiped
[root@linux220 ~]# pvs
/dev/cdrom: open failed: 매개물이 없음
[참고] /etc/fstab 파일이 잘못 되어서 부팅이 되지 않는 경우
그림2
그림3
그림4
(추가적인 실습 2) 오라클을 위한 VG 생성 및 LV 생성
- 3장의 디스크(/dev/sdc1, /dev/sdd1, /dev/sde1)에 LVM 생성
oraclevg -----+----- oralv (/oracle) : 1.5G
|
+----- datalv(/oracle/data) : 1.5G
(참고 작업 내용)
# fdisk /dev/sda1
# fdisk /dev/sdb1
# fdisk /dev/sdc1
# pvcreate /dev/sdc1 /dev/sdd1 /dev/sde1 (# pvcreate /dev/sd[cde]1)
# vgcreate oraclevg /dev/sdc1 /dev/sdd1 /dev/sde1 (# vgcreate oraclevg /dev/sd[cde]1)
# lvcreate -L 2G -n oralv oraclevg
# lvcreate -l 100%FREE -n datalv oraclevg
# mkfs -t ext3 /dev/oraclevg/oralv
# mkfs -t ext3 /dev/oraclevg/datalv
# mkdir /oracle
# mount /dev/oraclevg/oralv /oracle (# vi /etc/fstab)
# mkdir /oracle/data
# mount /dev/oraclevg/datalv /oracle/data (# vi /etc/fstab)
# df -h
# umount /oracle/data (# vi /etc/fstab)
# umount /oracle (# vi /etc/fstab)
# lvremove /dev/oraclevg/datalv
# lvremove /dev/oraclevg/oralv
# vgremove oraclevg
# pvremove /dev/sdc1 /dev/sdd1 /dev/sde1
(추가적인 실습3) WAS(Web Application Server)을 위한 VG 생성 및 LV 생성
- 3장의 디스크(/dev/sdf1, /dev/sdg1, /dev/sdh1)에 LVM 생성
wasvg -----+----- webrootlv (/) : 1G
|
+----- htmllv (/) : 1G
|
+----- jsplv (/) : 1G
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Web 서버와 Web 어플리케이션
1) Web 서버
Web 서버란 HTTP프로토콜을 기반으로 하여, Web 클라이언트(브라우져)로 부터의 요청을 서비스 하는 기능을 담당하는 프로그램을 말합니다. (일반적으로 Apache 를 많이 사용함.)
Web 서버의 역할은 html, 이미지(jpg, gif..등), xml 등에 대한 처리를 담당합니다. (CGI 프로그램의 요청도 처리합니다.)
2) Web Application 서버
여러 Web 클라이언트(브라우져)의 요구를 Web 서버 혼자 감당하기에는 힘들기 때문에, 구조적으로 Web 서버의 기능을 분리하기 위해 만들어진 것이 Web Application Server(WAS)입니다. (일반적으로 Tomcat, Weblogic, WebShpare 등을 많이 사용합니다.)
2. Web 서버와 Web Application 서버의 차이점
Web 서버와 Web Application 서버는 위의 설명처럼 사용의 목적이 다릅니다.
Web 서버는 html, 이미지들의 요청을 처리하는데 빠르고, Web Application 서버는 Servlet이나, JSP의 비지니스 로직을 수행하는데 적합니다. ( 웹컨테이너란 이러한 Servlet아니, JSP를 수행하는 역할을 하는 서버를 말합니다. )
그렇다고 Web Application이 html, 이미지들의 요청을 처리하지 못한다는 얘기는 아닙니다. 다만 처리 속도가 Web 서버에 비해 느리다는 거죠.
이렇게 서로 다른 강점을 합해서 사용하기 위해 Web 서버와 Web Application 서버를 연동하여 서비스하기도 합니다.
3. Web Application의 요소
Web Application은 아래의 항목을 가진다.
- Servlet
- JSP Page
- Utility Classes
- Static documents (HTML, images, sounds, etc.)
- Client side Java applets, beans, and classes
- 위의 모든 요소를 연결하는 기술적인 메타 정보
4. Web Application의 구조
반드시 다음 그림과 같은 구조로 유지 되어야 한다. ( 표준임 )
웹 어플리케이션 ( Web Root )
│
├── WEB-INF
│ │
│ │
┌─┴─┐ ├─ classes
html jsp │
│
├─ lib
│
│
└─ web.xml
요구되는 형태로 웹 어플리케이션 보관소 생성을 용이하게 하기 위해서, 웹 어플리케이션의 "실행" 파일들(즉, 웹 어플리케이션을 실행할 때 톰캣이 사용하는 파일들)을 WAR 형식에서 요구하는 것과 같은 구성으로 정리하는게 편합니다. 이렇게 하려면, 웹 어플리케이션의 "문서 루트 document root" 디렉토리에 다음 내용으로 구성합니다:
*.html, *.jsp, 등. - 웹 어플리케이션에서 클라이언트 브라우저로 전송이 되는 HTML 과 JSP 페이지와 다른 파일들 (예를 들면 자바스크립트, 스타일시트, 이미지 같은). 대규모 어플리케이션에서 이 파일들을 서브디렉토리 체계로 나누어 놓을 수 있습니다. 그러나 규모가 작은 어플리케이션이라면 보통은 하나의 디렉토리에서 전체를 관리하는 것이 보다 단순하고 쉽습니다.
/WEB-INF/web.xml - 웹 어플리케이션의 웹 어플리케이션 배치 설명자 Web Application Deployment Descriptor. 서블릿과 웹어플리케이션을 구성하는 다른 컴포넌트들을 설명하고, 각종 초기화 파라메터들과 서버 기능을 활용하기 위한 컨테이너가 관리하는 보안 제한 구역을 지정하는 XML 파일입니다. 다음 섹션에서 좀 더 자세히 알아보도록 하겠습니다.
/WEB-INF/classes/ - 이 디렉토리에는 웹 어플리케이션에서 사용하는 모든 자바 파일(그리고, 관련 자원)이 들어있습니다. 서블릿과 비서블릿 클래스 파일들이며 jar 형태로 묶여있지 않은 것입니다. 패키지가 선언된 클래스라면 /WEB-INF/classes/ 를 기준으로 패키지의 디렉토리를 만들어 구성하면 됩니다. 예를 들어, 클래스명이 com.mycompany.mypackage.MyServlet 라면 파일의 저장경로는 /WEB-INF/classes/com/mycompany/mypackage/MyServlet.class 이 됩니다.
/WEB-INF/lib/ - 이 디렉토리에는 웹어플리케이션에서 사용하는 자바 클래스파일을 포함하는 JAR 파일들이 위치합니다. 외부 클래스 라이브러리나 JDBC 드라이버 같은 것들입니다.
톰캣(또는 다른 2.2/2.3 호환 서버)에 어플리케이션을 설치할 때, WEB-INF/classes/ 에 있는 클래스들과 WEB-INF/lib/ 디렉토리에 있는 JAR파일에 있는 모든 클래스들은 같은 웹 어플리케이션에서 사용하는 모든 클래스가 접근가능하게 되어있습니다. 따라서, 만일 이 디렉토리 안에 사용하는 모든 라이브러리 클래스들을 몰아 넣으면 (외부 라이브러리를 사용하는 경우 재배포 권한에 관한 라이센스를 확인하길 바랍니다.), 웹 어플리케이션의 설치가 간단히 끝날 수 있습니다 -- 시스템 클래스패스에 대한 조정(또는 서버에 있는 전체 라이브러리의 설치)도 필요 없습니다. (Servlet 2.2 스펙 참조)
참고 : http://www.apache-korea.org/tomcat/tomcat-5.0-doc/appdev/deployment.html
[출처] Web Application 의 기본구조 이해 (헤르메스의 날개) |작성자 헤르메스
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
RAID 종류 및 설명
RAID(Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks, Redundant Array of Independant Disks)?
여러 디스크를 하나의 디스크처럼 사용할 수 있도록 하면서 동시에 신뢰성을 높이고 성능을 향상시킬 수 있는 저장장치를 말한다.
RAID의 종류는 크게 하드웨어 RAID와 소프트웨어 RAID가 있다. 하드웨어 RAID는 안정성이 높은 반 면 가격이 비싸다는 단점이 있고,
소프트웨어 RAID는 신뢰성이나 속도가 하드웨어 RAID에 비해 떨어질 수 있으나 비용이 저렴하다는 장점이 있다.
여기서는 하드웨어 RAID에 대해서는 다루지 않기로 하고, 소프트웨어 RAID 구성 방법에 대해 살펴보도록 한다.
(1) RAID 종류
■ Hardware RAID(Firmware에서 지원, 단위: DISK)
EX) Storage, Array, RAID Controller
■ Software RAID(OS에서 지원, 단위: Partition)
EX) 운영체제 내에서 Software RAID 툴을 통해 작업
[참고] 참고 사이트 : http://www.acnc.com/raid
(2) RAID 구성 방법의 종류
■ RAID 0 vv
■ RAID 1 vv
■ RAID 0 + 1
■ RAID 1 + 0
■ RAID 2
■ RAID 3
■ RAID 4
■ RAID 5 vv
■ RAID 6 v
■ RAID 7 v
■ RAID 53
■ JBOD
RAID 0, 1, 5
RAID 6, 7
(3) 관련된 용어
DAS(Direct Attached Storage), 직접 연결 저장 장치
o Internal DAS
o External DAS
DAS는 컴퓨터나 서버에 직접 연결된 컴퓨터 저장장치로서, 특별한 고려가 되어 있지 않는 한 다른 장치에서 직접 접근이 불가능하다.
DAS의 대안으로서 NAS 또는 SAN 등이 있다. 개별 컴퓨터 사용자의 경우에는 하드디스크 드라이 브가 DAS의 대표적인 형태가 될 것이다.
그러나 기업용 사용자들을 위한 저장장치는 여러 대의 컴퓨터에서 공유할 수 있어야 하고,
사용자들은 보다 효율적이며 관리하기 쉬운 장치를 선호하는 경향이 있다. (terms.co.kr 참조)
NAS(Network Attached Storage, Network Area Storage)
o NFS/CIFS 서비스 제공(TCP/IP)
NAS[나쓰]는 네트웍에 접속되도록 특화된 파일서버이다.
이것은 이더넷이나 TCP/IP와 같은 전통적인 LAN 프로토콜 을 사용하며,
오직 유닉스의 NFS와 도스/윈도우의 SMB와 같은 파일 입출력 요청만을 처리한다. (terms.co.kr 참 조)
SAN(Storage Area Network), 스토리지 전용 네트웍
o Server - SAN(SAN Switch) - Storage
SAN[쌘]은 대규모 네트웍 사용자들을 위하여 서로 다른 종류의 데이터 저장장치를 관련 데이터 서버와 함께 연결하 는 특수목적용 고속 네트웍(또는 서브네트웍)이다.
대체로, SAN은 한 기업의 전체 컴퓨팅 자원을 연결해 놓은 네트 웍의 일부가 된다.
SAN은 대개 IBM S/390 메인프레임과 같은 다른 컴퓨팅 자원에 아주 근접하여 밀집해 있게 되는 것이 보통이지만,
그러나 백업이나 기록의 영구보관 저장을 위해 ATM이나 SONET 등과 같은 광역통신망 기술을 이용하여 원거리에 있는 장소로 확장될 수도 있다.
SAN은 서로 다른 종류의 저장장치들이 네트웍 서버를 통한 모든 사용자들에 의해 공유될 수 있도록 서로 연결되어 있는 시스템이다.
SAN은 IBM의 광섬유인 ESCON과 같은 기존의 통신기술을 이용하거나, 새로운 파이버 채널 기술을 이용할 수도 있다.
SAN 시스템 통합 기술을 가진 일부 회사들은, 이것을 하드디스크나 CD-ROM 플레이어와 같이 서 로 다른 종류의 저장 장치들에 의해 공유될 수 있는 PC의 공통 저장 버스에 비유하기도 한다.
SAN은 디스크 미러링, 백업 및 복원, 영구보관 및 영구보관용 데이터의 검색, 한 저장장치에서 다른 저장장치로 데 이터 이동, 그리고 네트웍 상의 서로 다른 서버들 간에 데이터의 공유 등을 지원한다. (terms.co.kr 참조)
그림5
그림6
그림7
그림8
그림9
참조 http://skymeet.tistory.com/32
참조 http://blog.naver.com/goandplay/10148137536
참조 http://blog.naver.com/PostView.nhn?blogId=gojump0713&logNo=140111144418
(1) RAID 0 (Stripe)
concatenation
(사물・사건의) 연속
* 최소 드라이브 개수 : 2
* 최대 용량 : 디스크의 수 x 디스크의 용량
* 특징 : 빠른 입출력 속도가 요구되나 장애 복구 능력은 필요 없는 경우에 적합하다.
■ RAID 0 Stripe
---------------------------------------
디스크 사용 효율 ↑
성능(r/w) r(↑), w(↑)
안정성 ↓
---------------------------------------
(2) RAID 1 (Mirror)
* 최소 드라이브 개수 : 2
* 최대 용량 : (디스크의 수/2) x 디스크의 용량
* 특징 : 빠른 기록 속도와 함께 장애 복구 능력이 요구되는 경우에 사용된다.
2대의 드라이브만으로 구성할 수 있기 때문에 작은 시스템에 적합하다.
■ RAID 1 Mirroring
---------------------------------------
디스크 사용 효율 ↓↓
성능(r/w) r(↑), w(-)
안정성 ↑↑
---------------------------------------
(3) RAID 0 + 1
RAID 0+1과 RAID 10(1+0)은 RAID 0(스트라이핑)과 RAID 1(미러링) 방식을 혼합해 만들어졌다는 점에서는 매우 비슷 하게 보여진다.
특히 서버/워크스테이션이 아닌 일반 사용자의 PC로 RAID를 구성한다면 많아야 4개 정도까지 묶기 때문에
RAID 0+1과 RAID 1+0을 헷갈릴 수도 있으며 실제 RAID 0+1을 RAID 10으로 표기하는 곳도 많이 있다.
* 최소 드라이브 개수 : 4
* 최대 용량 : (디스크의 수/2) x 디스크의 용량
* 특징 : 일반 RAID 1 구성보다 높은 성능을 낼 수 있으며
한쪽 RAID 0에 들어가는 하드들이 모두 고장난 경우 에도 나머지 RAID 0 하드를 통해 정상 동작 및 데이터 복구를 할 수 있다.
(8) RAID 5
* 최소 드라이브 개수 : 3
* 최대 용량 : (디스크의 수 - 1) x 디스크의 용량
* 특징 : 작고 랜덤한 입출력이 많은 경우 더 나은 성능을 제공한다.
빠른 기록속도가 필수적이지 않다면, 일반 적인 다중사용자 환경을 위해 가장 좋은 선택이다.
그러나 최소한 3대, 일반적으로는 5대 이상의 드라이브가 필 요하다.
■ RAID 5 Stripe with parity
---------------------------------------
디스크 사용 효율 ↓
성능(r/w) r(↑), w(↓↓)
안정성 ↑
---------------------------------------
디스크가 1장 나가면 복구가능
디스크가 2장 나가면 복구불능 -> 개선한게 RAID 6
(9) RAID 6
* 최소 드라이브 개수 : 3
* 최대 용량 : (디스크의수 - 2) x 디스크의 용량
(10) RAID 7
RAID 6 의 단점을 개선
RAID7은 컨트롤러로서 내장되어 있는 실시간 운영체계를 사용하며, 속도가 빠른 버스를 통한 캐시, 독자적인 컴퓨 터의 여러 가지 특성들을 포함하고 있다.
현재 단 하나의 업체만이 이 시스템을 제공한다. 다시말해 패리티 정보를 처리하기 위해 RAID5, 6번은 속도가 저하 되었었다.
그러나 RAID7번의 경우 패리티 정보를 처리하는 하나의 CPU가 존재해 시스템의 성능을 높여준다.
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