20160420 리눅스 기초
모의해킹 침해대응 전문가 과정 / 2016. 4. 21. 00:50
=================================메모=================================
# yum -y install gcc //gcc 설치
열심히 따라할것
먼저하다가 사고치지말것
꼭 외우라는건 반드시 외울것
열심히 따라할것
먼저하다가 사고치지말것
꼭 외우라는건 반드시 외울것
echo "|---> ~/.bashrc read"
# .bashrc
# User specific aliases and functions
alias rm='rm -i'
alias cp='cp -i'
alias mv='mv -i'
alias cp='cp -i'
alias mv='mv -i'
# Source global definitions
if [ -f /etc/bashrc ]; then
. /etc/bashrc
fi
if [ -f /etc/bashrc ]; then
. /etc/bashrc
fi
#
# Specific Configuration
#
export PS1='[\u@\h \w]\$ '
alias ls='ls --color=tty -h'
alias pps='ps -ef | head -1 ; ps -ef | grep $1'
alias vi='/usr/bin/vim'
alias grep='grep -i --color'
alias a='cd /test && rm -rf /test/*'
alias b='cp /etc/passwd file1 ; cp file1 file2 ; cp file1 file3'
alias c='clear'
# Specific Configuration
#
export PS1='[\u@\h \w]\$ '
alias ls='ls --color=tty -h'
alias pps='ps -ef | head -1 ; ps -ef | grep $1'
alias vi='/usr/bin/vim'
alias grep='grep -i --color'
alias a='cd /test && rm -rf /test/*'
alias b='cp /etc/passwd file1 ; cp file1 file2 ; cp file1 file3'
alias c='clear'
. ~/.bashrc
=================================복습=================================
쉘의 특성
파이프
# CMD | more
# CMD | grep xinetd
쉘 자체의 기능
# set -o
# set -o vi
# set +o vi
변수(Variable)
변수의 종류
-지역변수
-환경변수
-특수변수 : $$, $?, $!, $*, $#, $1, $2, $3, ...
변수 선언 방법
export 의미
시스템 환경변수 set, env
PS1, PS2
PATH
HISTIMEFORMAT
HOME, PWD, LOGNAME, TERM, LANG, USER, UID
쉘 메타캐릭터
히스토리
앨리어스
환경파일
파이프
# CMD | more
# CMD | grep xinetd
쉘 자체의 기능
# set -o
# set -o vi
# set +o vi
변수(Variable)
변수의 종류
-지역변수
-환경변수
-특수변수 : $$, $?, $!, $*, $#, $1, $2, $3, ...
변수 선언 방법
export 의미
시스템 환경변수 set, env
PS1, PS2
PATH
HISTIMEFORMAT
HOME, PWD, LOGNAME, TERM, LANG, USER, UID
쉘 메타캐릭터
히스토리
앨리어스
환경파일
프로세스 관리
프로세스 정보
프로세스 관리1
프로세스 정보
프로세스 관리1
=================================강의=================================
프로세스 관리
프로세스 정보
프로세스 관리1
프로세스 실행
fg) # gedit
bg) # gedit &
프로세스 확인
# ps -ef | grep xinetd
# ps aux | grep xinetd
프로세스 종료
# kill -[1|2|9|15] PID
[참고] killall CMD //리눅스 전용
[참고] pgrep/pkill CMD
잡 관리
잡 실행
fg) # gedit
bg) # gedit &
잡 확인
# jobs
잡 종료
# kill %1 //Job ID를 지정할 수 있다
프로세스 모니터링(in 프로세스 확인)
top CMD
(TUI) # top (GUI) # gnome-system-monitor
(TUI) # tail -f file.log (GUI) # gnome-system-
프로세스 정보
프로세스 관리1
프로세스 실행
fg) # gedit
bg) # gedit &
프로세스 확인
# ps -ef | grep xinetd
# ps aux | grep xinetd
프로세스 종료
# kill -[1|2|9|15] PID
[참고] killall CMD //리눅스 전용
[참고] pgrep/pkill CMD
잡 관리
잡 실행
fg) # gedit
bg) # gedit &
잡 확인
# jobs
잡 종료
# kill %1 //Job ID를 지정할 수 있다
프로세스 모니터링(in 프로세스 확인)
top CMD
(TUI) # top (GUI) # gnome-system-monitor
(TUI) # tail -f file.log (GUI) # gnome-system-
[참고] top/ntop/iotop //network, disk i/o 모니터링 가능한 툴
프로세스 관리 기타 명령어(in 프로세스 확인)
lsof CMD
# lsof (# lsof | grep /tmp)
# lsof -i
# lsof -p PID
# lsof -c sshd (# lsof | grep '^sshd')
pmap CMD
# pmap PID
pstree CMD
pwdx CMD
nice/renice CMD
# nice -(-20 ~ 19) CMD
# renice (-20 ~ 20) PID
프로세스 관리 기타 명령어(in 프로세스 확인)
lsof CMD
# lsof (# lsof | grep /tmp)
# lsof -i
# lsof -p PID
# lsof -c sshd (# lsof | grep '^sshd')
pmap CMD
# pmap PID
pstree CMD
pwdx CMD
nice/renice CMD
# nice -(-20 ~ 19) CMD
# renice (-20 ~ 20) PID
# nice -10 /root/bin/backup.sh &
# renice 10 PID
# renice 10 PID
원격접속과 파일전송 명령어
파일 전송
scp CMD
# scp file1 172.16.9.252:/tmp
# scp 172.16.9.252:/tmp/file1 /test
# scp -r 172.16.9.252:/tmp/* /test
sftp CMD
원격 접속
ssh CMD
# ssh 172.16.9.252
# ssh 172.16.9.252 CMD
파일 전송
scp CMD
# scp file1 172.16.9.252:/tmp
# scp 172.16.9.252:/tmp/file1 /test
# scp -r 172.16.9.252:/tmp/* /test
sftp CMD
원격 접속
ssh CMD
# ssh 172.16.9.252
# ssh 172.16.9.252 CMD
=================================실습=================================
(2) 프로세스 정보 확인
[명령어 형식]
# ps /* 현재 터미널에서 실행된 프로세스의 간략한 정보 확인 */
# ps -l /* 현재 터미널에서 실행된 프로세스의 자세한 정보 확인 */
# ps -a /* 사용자 프로세스에 대한 간략한 정보 확인 */
# ps -U <사용자명> (# ps -U user01, # ps -U user01,user02,user03)
/* 특정한 사용자가 실행시킨 프로세스의 간략한 정보 확인 */
# ps -t pts/5 /* 특정한 터미널에서 실행시킨 프로세스의 간략한 정보 확인 */
# ps /* 현재 터미널에서 실행된 프로세스의 간략한 정보 확인 */
# ps -l /* 현재 터미널에서 실행된 프로세스의 자세한 정보 확인 */
# ps -a /* 사용자 프로세스에 대한 간략한 정보 확인 */
# ps -U <사용자명> (# ps -U user01, # ps -U user01,user02,user03)
/* 특정한 사용자가 실행시킨 프로세스의 간략한 정보 확인 */
# ps -t pts/5 /* 특정한 터미널에서 실행시킨 프로세스의 간략한 정보 확인 */
# ps aux | grep xinetd (# ps -ef | grep xinetd)
# ps -aux | grep xinetd
# ps -aux | grep xinetd
[EX] ps 명령어 실습
# ps /* 자신을 포함하여 자신이 실행한 프로세스를 확인 */
[root@linux220 ~]# ps
PID TTY TIME CMD
4671 pts/1 00:00:00 bash
4716 pts/1 00:00:00 ps
[root@linux220 ~]# ps
PID TTY TIME CMD
4671 pts/1 00:00:00 bash
4716 pts/1 00:00:00 ps
# ps -U root /* root 사용자가 사용하는 프로세스 정보를 보여줌 */
# ps /* 현재 터미널에서 실행된 프로세스의 간략한 정보 확인 */
# ps -t pts/3 /* 터미널창 번호를 확인 후에 해당 터미널의 프로세스 정보를 확인 */
# ps /* 현재 터미널에서 실행된 프로세스의 간략한 정보 확인 */
# ps -t pts/3 /* 터미널창 번호를 확인 후에 해당 터미널의 프로세스 정보를 확인 */
# ps a /* 다른 사용자의 프로세스 상태도 표시 */
[root@linux220 ~]# ps a
PID TTY STAT TIME COMMAND
4249 tty1 Ss+ 0:00 /sbin/mingetty tty1
4250 tty2 Ss+ 0:00 /sbin/mingetty tty2
4251 tty3 Ss+ 0:00 /sbin/mingetty tty3
4261 tty4 Ss+ 0:00 /sbin/mingetty tty4
4271 tty5 Ss+ 0:00 /sbin/mingetty tty5
4273 tty6 Ss+ 0:00 /sbin/mingetty tty6
4355 tty7 Ss+ 0:00 /usr/bin/Xorg :0 -br -audit 0 -auth /var/gdm/:0.Xauth -nolisten tcp vt7
4671 pts/1 Ss 0:00 bash
4720 pts/1 R+ 0:00 ps a
[root@linux220 ~]# ps a
PID TTY STAT TIME COMMAND
4249 tty1 Ss+ 0:00 /sbin/mingetty tty1
4250 tty2 Ss+ 0:00 /sbin/mingetty tty2
4251 tty3 Ss+ 0:00 /sbin/mingetty tty3
4261 tty4 Ss+ 0:00 /sbin/mingetty tty4
4271 tty5 Ss+ 0:00 /sbin/mingetty tty5
4273 tty6 Ss+ 0:00 /sbin/mingetty tty6
4355 tty7 Ss+ 0:00 /usr/bin/Xorg :0 -br -audit 0 -auth /var/gdm/:0.Xauth -nolisten tcp vt7
4671 pts/1 Ss 0:00 bash
4720 pts/1 R+ 0:00 ps a
# ps -ef | less /* 모든 프로세스 리스트를 출력하면서 모든 정보를 함께 출력 함 */
# ps aux | less /* a : 다른 사용자의 프로세스 상태도 표시
x : 화면에 보이지 않는 프로세스까지 모두 표시
u : 프로세스를 사용한 사용자와 실행 시간까지 표시 */
# ps aux | less /* a : 다른 사용자의 프로세스 상태도 표시
x : 화면에 보이지 않는 프로세스까지 모두 표시
u : 프로세스를 사용한 사용자와 실행 시간까지 표시 */
[참고] ps aux를 통해 명령어 출력시 나오는 헤더부분 설명
user는 프로세스 소유자의 이름, ( u 옵션 )
PID는 프로세스 식별자 번호
%CPU : 마지막 1분 동안 프로세스가 사용한 CPU 점유율 ( u 옵션 )
%MAN : 마지막 1분 동안 프로세스가 사용한 메모리의 점유율 ( u,v 옵션 )
-u 옵션으로 사용자의 ID나 이름을 지정하여 지정한 사용자의 프로세스만을 살펴 볼수 있다.
VSZ : 가상 메모리에 적재된 프로세스의 kb단위 크기
START는 프로세스가 시작된 시간
user는 프로세스 소유자의 이름, ( u 옵션 )
PID는 프로세스 식별자 번호
%CPU : 마지막 1분 동안 프로세스가 사용한 CPU 점유율 ( u 옵션 )
%MAN : 마지막 1분 동안 프로세스가 사용한 메모리의 점유율 ( u,v 옵션 )
-u 옵션으로 사용자의 ID나 이름을 지정하여 지정한 사용자의 프로세스만을 살펴 볼수 있다.
VSZ : 가상 메모리에 적재된 프로세스의 kb단위 크기
START는 프로세스가 시작된 시간
STAT 필드의 상태
-D : 디스크 입출력 대기 상태로 interrupts를 걸 수 없는 상태
-R : 실행중
-S : 짧은 sleep 상태
-T : 정지 상태
-Z : 좀비 상태
-W : 상주한 페이지가 없는 프로세스
-< : 높은 우선권 프로세스
-N : 낮은 우선권 프로세스
-L : 페이지가 락이 걸린 상태
-D : 디스크 입출력 대기 상태로 interrupts를 걸 수 없는 상태
-R : 실행중
-S : 짧은 sleep 상태
-T : 정지 상태
-Z : 좀비 상태
-W : 상주한 페이지가 없는 프로세스
-< : 높은 우선권 프로세스
-N : 낮은 우선권 프로세스
-L : 페이지가 락이 걸린 상태
프로세스를 죽이는 명령 - kill
(명령어 형식)
# kill PID (# kill -15 PID, # kill -TERM PID)
# kill PID PID PID
# kill -9 PID (# kill -KILL PID)
# kill -2 PID (# kill –INT PID)
# kill PID (# kill -15 PID, # kill -TERM PID)
# kill PID PID PID
# kill -9 PID (# kill -KILL PID)
# kill -2 PID (# kill –INT PID)
[참고] 일반적으로 많이 쓰이는 시그널(Signal)
시그널 번호 시그널 이름 설 명
1 SIGHUP 프로세스 재시작(HangUp) (EX: # kill -1 450)
2 SIGINT 인터럽트(Interrupt, <Ctrl + C>) (EX: # kill –2 450)
9 SIGKILL 강제 종료(force exit signal) (EX: # kill -9 450)
15 SIGTERM 정상 종료(exit), 기본 시그널 (EX: # kill -15 450)
kill 명령에 아무 신호도 입력하지 않으면 15번 신호인 SIGTERM을 보낸다. (기본값)
시그널 번호 시그널 이름 설 명
1 SIGHUP 프로세스 재시작(HangUp) (EX: # kill -1 450)
2 SIGINT 인터럽트(Interrupt, <Ctrl + C>) (EX: # kill –2 450)
9 SIGKILL 강제 종료(force exit signal) (EX: # kill -9 450)
15 SIGTERM 정상 종료(exit), 기본 시그널 (EX: # kill -15 450)
kill 명령에 아무 신호도 입력하지 않으면 15번 신호인 SIGTERM을 보낸다. (기본값)
[root@linux220 ~]# kill -l
1) SIGHUP 2) SIGINT 3) SIGQUIT 4) SIGILL
5) SIGTRAP 6) SIGABRT 7) SIGBUS 8) SIGFPE
9) SIGKILL 10) SIGUSR1 11) SIGSEGV 12) SIGUSR2
13) SIGPIPE 14) SIGALRM 15) SIGTERM 16) SIGSTKFLT
17) SIGCHLD 18) SIGCONT 19) SIGSTOP 20) SIGTSTP
21) SIGTTIN 22) SIGTTOU 23) SIGURG 24) SIGXCPU
25) SIGXFSZ 26) SIGVTALRM 27) SIGPROF 28) SIGWINCH
29) SIGIO 30) SIGPWR 31) SIGSYS 34) SIGRTMIN
35) SIGRTMIN+1 36) SIGRTMIN+2 37) SIGRTMIN+3 38) SIGRTMIN+4
39) SIGRTMIN+5 40) SIGRTMIN+6 41) SIGRTMIN+7 42) SIGRTMIN+8
43) SIGRTMIN+9 44) SIGRTMIN+10 45) SIGRTMIN+11 46) SIGRTMIN+12
47) SIGRTMIN+13 48) SIGRTMIN+14 49) SIGRTMIN+15 50) SIGRTMAX-14
51) SIGRTMAX-13 52) SIGRTMAX-12 53) SIGRTMAX-11 54) SIGRTMAX-10
55) SIGRTMAX-9 56) SIGRTMAX-8 57) SIGRTMAX-7 58) SIGRTMAX-6
59) SIGRTMAX-5 60) SIGRTMAX-4 61) SIGRTMAX-3 62) SIGRTMAX-2
63) SIGRTMAX-1 64) SIGRTMAX
1) SIGHUP 2) SIGINT 3) SIGQUIT 4) SIGILL
5) SIGTRAP 6) SIGABRT 7) SIGBUS 8) SIGFPE
9) SIGKILL 10) SIGUSR1 11) SIGSEGV 12) SIGUSR2
13) SIGPIPE 14) SIGALRM 15) SIGTERM 16) SIGSTKFLT
17) SIGCHLD 18) SIGCONT 19) SIGSTOP 20) SIGTSTP
21) SIGTTIN 22) SIGTTOU 23) SIGURG 24) SIGXCPU
25) SIGXFSZ 26) SIGVTALRM 27) SIGPROF 28) SIGWINCH
29) SIGIO 30) SIGPWR 31) SIGSYS 34) SIGRTMIN
35) SIGRTMIN+1 36) SIGRTMIN+2 37) SIGRTMIN+3 38) SIGRTMIN+4
39) SIGRTMIN+5 40) SIGRTMIN+6 41) SIGRTMIN+7 42) SIGRTMIN+8
43) SIGRTMIN+9 44) SIGRTMIN+10 45) SIGRTMIN+11 46) SIGRTMIN+12
47) SIGRTMIN+13 48) SIGRTMIN+14 49) SIGRTMIN+15 50) SIGRTMAX-14
51) SIGRTMAX-13 52) SIGRTMAX-12 53) SIGRTMAX-11 54) SIGRTMAX-10
55) SIGRTMAX-9 56) SIGRTMAX-8 57) SIGRTMAX-7 58) SIGRTMAX-6
59) SIGRTMAX-5 60) SIGRTMAX-4 61) SIGRTMAX-3 62) SIGRTMAX-2
63) SIGRTMAX-1 64) SIGRTMAX
실무에 나가면 3번(SIGQUIT), 8번(SIGFPE) 시그널도 쓰인다고 한다
[EX] kill 명령어 실습
[root@linux220 ~]# ps -ef | grep sendmail
root 4086 1 0 16:01 ? 00:00:00 sendmail: accepting connections
smmsp 4094 1 0 16:01 ? 00:00:00 sendmail: Queue runner@01:00:00 for /var/spool/clientmqueue
root 4784 4671 0 16:37 pts/1 00:00:00 grep -i --color sendmail
[root@linux220 ~]# kill 4086
[root@linux220 ~]# ps -ef | grep sendmail
smmsp 4094 1 0 16:01 ? 00:00:00 sendmail: Queue runner@01:00:00 for /var/spool/clientmqueue
root 4787 4671 0 16:38 pts/1 00:00:00 grep -i --color sendmail
root 4086 1 0 16:01 ? 00:00:00 sendmail: accepting connections
smmsp 4094 1 0 16:01 ? 00:00:00 sendmail: Queue runner@01:00:00 for /var/spool/clientmqueue
root 4784 4671 0 16:37 pts/1 00:00:00 grep -i --color sendmail
[root@linux220 ~]# kill 4086
[root@linux220 ~]# ps -ef | grep sendmail
smmsp 4094 1 0 16:01 ? 00:00:00 sendmail: Queue runner@01:00:00 for /var/spool/clientmqueue
root 4787 4671 0 16:38 pts/1 00:00:00 grep -i --color sendmail
[root@linux220 ~]# service sendmail restart
sm-client을 종료 중: [ OK ]
sendmail를 종료 중: [실패]
sendmail (을)를 시작 중: [ OK ]
sm-client를 시작 중: [ OK ]
[root@linux220 ~]# ps -ef | grep sendmail
root 4818 1 0 16:38 ? 00:00:00 sendmail: accepting connections
smmsp 4826 1 0 16:38 ? 00:00:00 sendmail: Queue runner@01:00:00 for /var/spool/clientmqueue
root 4830 4671 0 16:38 pts/1 00:00:00 grep -i --color sendmail
[root@linux220 ~]# kill -9 4826
[root@linux220 ~]# ps -ef | grep sendmail
root 4818 1 0 16:38 ? 00:00:00 sendmail: accepting connections
root 4833 4671 0 16:38 pts/1 00:00:00 grep -i --color sendmail
sm-client을 종료 중: [ OK ]
sendmail를 종료 중: [실패]
sendmail (을)를 시작 중: [ OK ]
sm-client를 시작 중: [ OK ]
[root@linux220 ~]# ps -ef | grep sendmail
root 4818 1 0 16:38 ? 00:00:00 sendmail: accepting connections
smmsp 4826 1 0 16:38 ? 00:00:00 sendmail: Queue runner@01:00:00 for /var/spool/clientmqueue
root 4830 4671 0 16:38 pts/1 00:00:00 grep -i --color sendmail
[root@linux220 ~]# kill -9 4826
[root@linux220 ~]# ps -ef | grep sendmail
root 4818 1 0 16:38 ? 00:00:00 sendmail: accepting connections
root 4833 4671 0 16:38 pts/1 00:00:00 grep -i --color sendmail
[root@linux220 ~]# service sendmail restart
sm-client을 종료 중: [실패]
sendmail를 종료 중: [ OK ]
sendmail (을)를 시작 중: [ OK ]
sm-client를 시작 중: [ OK ]
[root@linux220 ~]# ps -ef | grep sendmail
root 4864 1 0 16:40 ? 00:00:00 sendmail: accepting connections
smmsp 4872 1 0 16:40 ? 00:00:00 sendmail: Queue runner@01:00:00 for /var/spool/clientmqueue
root 4876 4671 0 16:40 pts/1 00:00:00 grep -i --color sendmail
[root@linux220 ~]# kill -1 4872
[root@linux220 ~]# ps -ef | grep sendmail
root 4864 1 0 16:40 ? 00:00:00 sendmail: accepting connections
smmsp 4878 1 0 16:40 ? 00:00:00 sendmail: Queue runner@01:00:00 for /var/spool/clientmqueue
root 4881 4671 0 16:40 pts/1 00:00:00 grep -i --color sendmail
sm-client을 종료 중: [실패]
sendmail를 종료 중: [ OK ]
sendmail (을)를 시작 중: [ OK ]
sm-client를 시작 중: [ OK ]
[root@linux220 ~]# ps -ef | grep sendmail
root 4864 1 0 16:40 ? 00:00:00 sendmail: accepting connections
smmsp 4872 1 0 16:40 ? 00:00:00 sendmail: Queue runner@01:00:00 for /var/spool/clientmqueue
root 4876 4671 0 16:40 pts/1 00:00:00 grep -i --color sendmail
[root@linux220 ~]# kill -1 4872
[root@linux220 ~]# ps -ef | grep sendmail
root 4864 1 0 16:40 ? 00:00:00 sendmail: accepting connections
smmsp 4878 1 0 16:40 ? 00:00:00 sendmail: Queue runner@01:00:00 for /var/spool/clientmqueue
root 4881 4671 0 16:40 pts/1 00:00:00 grep -i --color sendmail
[root@linux220 ~]# service httpd restart
httpd 를 정지 중: [실패]
httpd (을)를 시작 중: [ OK ]
[root@linux220 ~]# ps -ef | grep httpd
root 4899 1 0 16:41 ? 00:00:00 /usr/sbin/httpd
apache 4901 4899 0 16:41 ? 00:00:00 /usr/sbin/httpd
apache 4902 4899 0 16:41 ? 00:00:00 /usr/sbin/httpd
apache 4903 4899 0 16:41 ? 00:00:00 /usr/sbin/httpd
apache 4904 4899 0 16:41 ? 00:00:00 /usr/sbin/httpd
apache 4905 4899 0 16:41 ? 00:00:00 /usr/sbin/httpd
apache 4906 4899 0 16:41 ? 00:00:00 /usr/sbin/httpd
apache 4907 4899 0 16:41 ? 00:00:00 /usr/sbin/httpd
apache 4908 4899 0 16:41 ? 00:00:00 /usr/sbin/httpd
root 4910 4671 0 16:41 pts/1 00:00:00 grep -i --color httpd
[root@linux220 ~]# kill -15 4899 4901 4902 4903 4904 ...
[root@linux220 ~]# killall httpd
[root@linux220 ~]# kill `ps -ef | grep httpd | grep -v grep | awk '{print $2}'`
httpd 를 정지 중: [실패]
httpd (을)를 시작 중: [ OK ]
[root@linux220 ~]# ps -ef | grep httpd
root 4899 1 0 16:41 ? 00:00:00 /usr/sbin/httpd
apache 4901 4899 0 16:41 ? 00:00:00 /usr/sbin/httpd
apache 4902 4899 0 16:41 ? 00:00:00 /usr/sbin/httpd
apache 4903 4899 0 16:41 ? 00:00:00 /usr/sbin/httpd
apache 4904 4899 0 16:41 ? 00:00:00 /usr/sbin/httpd
apache 4905 4899 0 16:41 ? 00:00:00 /usr/sbin/httpd
apache 4906 4899 0 16:41 ? 00:00:00 /usr/sbin/httpd
apache 4907 4899 0 16:41 ? 00:00:00 /usr/sbin/httpd
apache 4908 4899 0 16:41 ? 00:00:00 /usr/sbin/httpd
root 4910 4671 0 16:41 pts/1 00:00:00 grep -i --color httpd
[root@linux220 ~]# kill -15 4899 4901 4902 4903 4904 ...
[root@linux220 ~]# killall httpd
[root@linux220 ~]# kill `ps -ef | grep httpd | grep -v grep | awk '{print $2}'`
[root@linux220 ~]# ps -ef | grep httpd | grep -v grep
root 4899 1 0 16:41 ? 00:00:00 /usr/sbin/httpd
apache 4901 4899 0 16:41 ? 00:00:00 /usr/sbin/httpd
apache 4902 4899 0 16:41 ? 00:00:00 /usr/sbin/httpd
apache 4903 4899 0 16:41 ? 00:00:00 /usr/sbin/httpd
apache 4904 4899 0 16:41 ? 00:00:00 /usr/sbin/httpd
apache 4905 4899 0 16:41 ? 00:00:00 /usr/sbin/httpd
apache 4906 4899 0 16:41 ? 00:00:00 /usr/sbin/httpd
apache 4907 4899 0 16:41 ? 00:00:00 /usr/sbin/httpd
apache 4908 4899 0 16:41 ? 00:00:00 /usr/sbin/httpd
[root@linux220 ~]# ps -ef | grep httpd | grep -v grep | awk '{print $2}'
4899
4901
4902
4903
4904
4905
4906
4907
4908
root 4899 1 0 16:41 ? 00:00:00 /usr/sbin/httpd
apache 4901 4899 0 16:41 ? 00:00:00 /usr/sbin/httpd
apache 4902 4899 0 16:41 ? 00:00:00 /usr/sbin/httpd
apache 4903 4899 0 16:41 ? 00:00:00 /usr/sbin/httpd
apache 4904 4899 0 16:41 ? 00:00:00 /usr/sbin/httpd
apache 4905 4899 0 16:41 ? 00:00:00 /usr/sbin/httpd
apache 4906 4899 0 16:41 ? 00:00:00 /usr/sbin/httpd
apache 4907 4899 0 16:41 ? 00:00:00 /usr/sbin/httpd
apache 4908 4899 0 16:41 ? 00:00:00 /usr/sbin/httpd
[root@linux220 ~]# ps -ef | grep httpd | grep -v grep | awk '{print $2}'
4899
4901
4902
4903
4904
4905
4906
4907
4908
프로세스 모니터링
(1) top 명령 (ps와 같은 명령어 - 차이점? top은 실시간 모니터링)
[참고] 서버에 접속하여 시스템 모니터링
[TERM1] (TUI) # top (GUI) # gnome-system-monitor
[TERM2] (TUI) # tail -f /var/log/messages (GUI) # gnome-system-log
[TERM2] (TUI) # tail -f /var/log/messages (GUI) # gnome-system-log
실시간으로 프로세스의 상태나 CPU, 메모리, 접속한 사용자의 수 등을 알 수 있게 된다.
시스템의 성능을 확인하려 할 때 많이 사용하게 된다.
시스템의 성능을 확인하려 할 때 많이 사용하게 된다.
그림1
기본설정
명령어 수행 시간 간격(time interval)은 3 ~ 4초
CPU 사용량별로 정열(Sorting)
명령어 수행 시간 간격(time interval)은 3 ~ 4초
CPU 사용량별로 정열(Sorting)
(명령어 형식)
# top
# top -u oracle /* 해당 사용자의 프로세스 정보를 실시간 모니터링 */
# top -p PID1,PID2,PID3 /* 해당 번호의 프로세스 정보를 실시간 모니터링 */
# top
# top -u oracle /* 해당 사용자의 프로세스 정보를 실시간 모니터링 */
# top -p PID1,PID2,PID3 /* 해당 번호의 프로세스 정보를 실시간 모니터링 */
[EX1] top 명령어 기본 사용방법 실습
# top -h (# top --help)
# top
그림2
(첫 번째 줄) 시스템의 현재 시간과 시스템이 부팅된 후 작동한 시간, 현재 사용자 수를 보여주며,
loadaverage는 CPU 로드의 평균 값을 보여준다.
(두 번째 줄) 시스템에 동작중인 프로세스의 상태를 보여준다.
(세 번째 줄) CPU의 상태를 보여준다
(네 번째 / 다섯 번째 줄)
총 사용 가능 메모리, 사용된 메모리, 사용할 수 있는 메모리,
공유 메모리, 버퍼로 사용된 메모리, 스왑 메모리등 메모리에 관한 정보를 보여준다.
각각의 시스템 자원에 따른 프로세스의 점유율을 확인 할 수 있다.
loadaverage는 CPU 로드의 평균 값을 보여준다.
(두 번째 줄) 시스템에 동작중인 프로세스의 상태를 보여준다.
(세 번째 줄) CPU의 상태를 보여준다
(네 번째 / 다섯 번째 줄)
총 사용 가능 메모리, 사용된 메모리, 사용할 수 있는 메모리,
공유 메모리, 버퍼로 사용된 메모리, 스왑 메모리등 메모리에 관한 정보를 보여준다.
각각의 시스템 자원에 따른 프로세스의 점유율을 확인 할 수 있다.
기본적으로 cpu 사용량으로 sort 되어 있음
h help
Help for Interactive Commands - procps version 3.2.7
Window 1:Def: Cumulative mode Off. System: Delay 3.0 secs; Secure mode Off.
Window 1:Def: Cumulative mode Off. System: Delay 3.0 secs; Secure mode Off.
Z,B Global: 'Z' change color mappings; 'B' disable/enable bold
l,t,m Toggle Summaries: 'l' load avg; 't' task/cpu stats; 'm' mem info
1,I Toggle SMP view: '1' single/separate states; 'I' Irix/Solaris mode
l,t,m Toggle Summaries: 'l' load avg; 't' task/cpu stats; 'm' mem info
1,I Toggle SMP view: '1' single/separate states; 'I' Irix/Solaris mode
f,o . Fields/Columns: 'f' add or remove; 'o' change display order
F or O . Select sort field
<,> . Move sort field: '<' next col left; '>' next col right
R,H . Toggle: 'R' normal/reverse sort; 'H' show threads
c,i,S . Toggle: 'c' cmd name/line; 'i' idle tasks; 'S' cumulative time
x,y . Toggle highlights: 'x' sort field; 'y' running tasks
z,b . Toggle: 'z' color/mono; 'b' bold/reverse (only if 'x' or 'y')
u . Show specific user only
n or # . Set maximum tasks displayed
F or O . Select sort field
<,> . Move sort field: '<' next col left; '>' next col right
R,H . Toggle: 'R' normal/reverse sort; 'H' show threads
c,i,S . Toggle: 'c' cmd name/line; 'i' idle tasks; 'S' cumulative time
x,y . Toggle highlights: 'x' sort field; 'y' running tasks
z,b . Toggle: 'z' color/mono; 'b' bold/reverse (only if 'x' or 'y')
u . Show specific user only
n or # . Set maximum tasks displayed
k,r Manipulate tasks: 'k' kill; 'r' renice
d or s Set update interval
W Write configuration file
q Quit
( commands shown with '.' require a visible task display window )
Press 'h' or '?' for help with Windows,
any other key to continue
d or s Set update interval
W Write configuration file
q Quit
( commands shown with '.' require a visible task display window )
Press 'h' or '?' for help with Windows,
any other key to continue
F 눌러서 sorting 기준 변경 가능
[EX2] 사용자 별로 모니터링
(명령어 형식)
# top -u root
# top -u oracle
# top -u wasuser
# top -u root
# top -u oracle
# top -u wasuser
[TERM1] root 사용자 윈도우
# top -u fedora
# top -u fedora
[TERM2] fedora 사용자 윈도우
# telnet localhost
fedora 사용자로 로그인
$ id
$ bash -----> 관리자 윈도우 확인
$ ksh -----> 관리자 윈도우 확인
$ vi /etc/passwd
$ exit
$ exit
$ exit
# telnet localhost
fedora 사용자로 로그인
$ id
$ bash -----> 관리자 윈도우 확인
$ ksh -----> 관리자 윈도우 확인
$ vi /etc/passwd
$ exit
$ exit
$ exit
그림3
[EX3] 몇개의 프로세스만 모니터링
(명령어 형식)
# top -p 1
# top -p 1,PID
# top -p 1
# top -p 1,PID
[EX4] 모니터링 툴 종류
# top - Display Linux tasks
# free - Display amount of free and used memory in the system
# /usr/bin/baobab - A graphical tool to analyse disk usage
# /usr/bin/xload - System load average display for X
# /usr/bin/gnome-system-monitor - System monitor
# /usr/bin/gnome-system-log - /var/logs/messages log viewer
# free - Display amount of free and used memory in the system
# /usr/bin/baobab - A graphical tool to analyse disk usage
# /usr/bin/xload - System load average display for X
# /usr/bin/gnome-system-monitor - System monitor
# /usr/bin/gnome-system-log - /var/logs/messages log viewer
[root@linux220 ~]# gnome-
gnome-about gnome-pilot-make-password
gnome-about-me gnome-power-inhibit-test
gnome-accessibility-keyboard-properties gnome-power-manager
gnome-at-properties gnome-power-preferences
gnome-audio-profiles-properties gnome-screensaver
gnome-background-properties gnome-screensaver-command
gnome-calculator gnome-screensaver-preferences
gnome-cd gnome-screenshot
gnome-character-map gnome-search-tool
gnome-control-center gnome-session
gnome-default-applications-properties gnome-session-properties
gnome-default-printer gnome-session-remove
gnome-desktop-item-edit gnome-session-save
gnome-dictionary gnome-sound-properties
gnome-display-properties gnome-system-log
gnome-doc-prepare gnome-system-monitor
gnome-eject gnome-terminal
gnome-file-share-properties gnome-text-editor
gnome-font-properties gnome-theme-manager
gnome-font-viewer gnome-theme-thumbnailer
gnome-help gnome-thumbnail-font
gnome-keybinding-properties gnome-typing-monitor
gnome-keyboard-properties gnome-ui-properties
gnome-keyring-daemon gnome-umount
gnome-mount gnome-volume-control
gnome-mouse-properties gnome-volume-manager
gnome-network-preferences gnome-volume-properties
gnome-open gnome-window-properties
gnome-panel gnome-wm
gnome-panel-screenshot
[root@linux220 ~]# gnome-system-
gnome-system-log gnome-system-monitor
gnome-about gnome-pilot-make-password
gnome-about-me gnome-power-inhibit-test
gnome-accessibility-keyboard-properties gnome-power-manager
gnome-at-properties gnome-power-preferences
gnome-audio-profiles-properties gnome-screensaver
gnome-background-properties gnome-screensaver-command
gnome-calculator gnome-screensaver-preferences
gnome-cd gnome-screenshot
gnome-character-map gnome-search-tool
gnome-control-center gnome-session
gnome-default-applications-properties gnome-session-properties
gnome-default-printer gnome-session-remove
gnome-desktop-item-edit gnome-session-save
gnome-dictionary gnome-sound-properties
gnome-display-properties gnome-system-log
gnome-doc-prepare gnome-system-monitor
gnome-eject gnome-terminal
gnome-file-share-properties gnome-text-editor
gnome-font-properties gnome-theme-manager
gnome-font-viewer gnome-theme-thumbnailer
gnome-help gnome-thumbnail-font
gnome-keybinding-properties gnome-typing-monitor
gnome-keyboard-properties gnome-ui-properties
gnome-keyring-daemon gnome-umount
gnome-mount gnome-volume-control
gnome-mouse-properties gnome-volume-manager
gnome-network-preferences gnome-volume-properties
gnome-open gnome-window-properties
gnome-panel gnome-wm
gnome-panel-screenshot
[root@linux220 ~]# gnome-system-
gnome-system-log gnome-system-monitor
[EX5] 시스템 모니터링(CPU/MEM)
[root@linux220 ~]# mkdir -p /root/bin
[root@linux220 ~]# cd /root/bin
[root@linux220 ~/bin]# scp 172.16.9.252:/root/shell/* /root/bin
The authenticity of host '172.16.9.252 (172.16.9.252)' can't be established.
RSA key fingerprint is e2:f0:f8:a2:47:3b:b4:7c:ae:65:38:0e:31:bf:1f:84.
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? y
Please type 'yes' or 'no': yes
Warning: Permanently added '172.16.9.252' (RSA) to the list of known hosts.
root@172.16.9.252's password:
CoffeeTime.txt 100% 840 0.8KB/s 00:00
CoffeeTime2.txt 100% 1423 1.4KB/s 00:00
bomb.sh 100% 49 0.1KB/s 00:00
bomb_exec.sh 100% 277 0.3KB/s 00:00
cow.txt 100% 250 0.2KB/s 00:00
cow2.txt 100% 256 0.3KB/s 00:00
cow3.txt 100% 256 0.3KB/s 00:00
cpu.sh 100% 261 0.3KB/s 00:00
cpu2.sh 100% 194 0.2KB/s 00:00
cpu3.sh 100% 303 0.3KB/s 00:00
disk_exhaust.c 100% 226 0.2KB/s 00:00
dog.txt 100% 196 0.2KB/s 00:00
dog2.txt 100% 232 0.2KB/s 00:00
dog3.txt 100% 229 0.2KB/s 00:00
mailling.sh 100% 888 0.9KB/s 00:00
mem 100% 5141 5.0KB/s 00:00
mem.c 100% 264 0.3KB/s 00:00
network.sh 100% 338 0.3KB/s 00:00
proc_count.sh 100% 97 0.1KB/s 00:00
telnet.sh 100% 330 0.3KB/s 00:00
[root@linux220 ~]# cd /root/bin
[root@linux220 ~/bin]# scp 172.16.9.252:/root/shell/* /root/bin
The authenticity of host '172.16.9.252 (172.16.9.252)' can't be established.
RSA key fingerprint is e2:f0:f8:a2:47:3b:b4:7c:ae:65:38:0e:31:bf:1f:84.
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? y
Please type 'yes' or 'no': yes
Warning: Permanently added '172.16.9.252' (RSA) to the list of known hosts.
root@172.16.9.252's password:
CoffeeTime.txt 100% 840 0.8KB/s 00:00
CoffeeTime2.txt 100% 1423 1.4KB/s 00:00
bomb.sh 100% 49 0.1KB/s 00:00
bomb_exec.sh 100% 277 0.3KB/s 00:00
cow.txt 100% 250 0.2KB/s 00:00
cow2.txt 100% 256 0.3KB/s 00:00
cow3.txt 100% 256 0.3KB/s 00:00
cpu.sh 100% 261 0.3KB/s 00:00
cpu2.sh 100% 194 0.2KB/s 00:00
cpu3.sh 100% 303 0.3KB/s 00:00
disk_exhaust.c 100% 226 0.2KB/s 00:00
dog.txt 100% 196 0.2KB/s 00:00
dog2.txt 100% 232 0.2KB/s 00:00
dog3.txt 100% 229 0.2KB/s 00:00
mailling.sh 100% 888 0.9KB/s 00:00
mem 100% 5141 5.0KB/s 00:00
mem.c 100% 264 0.3KB/s 00:00
network.sh 100% 338 0.3KB/s 00:00
proc_count.sh 100% 97 0.1KB/s 00:00
telnet.sh 100% 330 0.3KB/s 00:00
cpu.sh
그림4, 그림5
그림4, 그림5
cpu2.sh
그림6, 그림7
그림6, 그림7
cpu3.sh
그림8, 그림9
그림8, 그림9
mem.c
그림10
그림10
disk_exhaust.c
(2) lsof(List Open File) 명령어
프로세스에 의해 열려진 파일들에 대한 정보를 볼 수 있다.
특정 파일을 접근하고 있는 프로세스인지 특정 포트로 접속한 사용자를 확인 할 때 유용한 프로세스이다.
특정 파일을 접근하고 있는 프로세스인지 특정 포트로 접속한 사용자를 확인 할 때 유용한 프로세스이다.
[명령어 형식]
# lsof
# lsof -p <PID번호>
# lsof -c <데몬명>
# lsof
# lsof -p <PID번호>
# lsof -c <데몬명>
[root@linux220 ~]# ps -ef | grep sendmail
root 4864 1 0 16:40 ? 00:00:00 sendmail: accepting connections
smmsp 4878 1 0 16:40 ? 00:00:00 sendmail: Queue runner@01:00:00 for /var/spool/clientmqueue
root 8620 8601 0 17:54 pts/1 00:00:00 grep -i --color sendmail
[root@linux220 ~]# lsof -p 4864
COMMAND PID USER FD TYPE DEVICE SIZE NODE NAME
sendmail 4864 root cwd DIR 8,1 4096 3434270 /var/spool/mqueue
sendmail 4864 root rtd DIR 8,1 4096 2 /
sendmail 4864 root txt REG 8,1 806460 275046 /usr/sbin/sendmail.sendmail
sendmail 4864 root mem REG 8,1 7457978 /lib/libcrypt-2.5.so (path inode=7456539)
sendmail 4864 root mem REG 8,1 99060 273686 /usr/lib/libsasl2.so.2.0.22
sendmail 4864 root mem REG 8,1 53756 275649 /usr/lib/liblber-2.3.so.0.2.31
sendmail 4864 root mem REG 8,1 7748 7457987 /lib/libcom_err.so.2.1
sendmail 4864 root mem REG 8,1 157304 273660 /usr/lib/libk5crypto.so.3.1
sendmail 4864 root mem REG 8,1 7457969 /lib/libdl-2.5.so (path inode=7456541)
sendmail 4864 root mem REG 8,1 7457970 /lib/libpthread-2.5.so (path inode=7456559)
sendmail 4864 root mem REG 8,1 93508 7457986 /lib/libselinux.so.1
sendmail 4864 root mem REG 8,1 16832 360815 /usr/lib/sasl2/libcrammd5.so.2.0.22
sendmail 4864 root mem REG 8,1 14372 360701 /usr/lib/sasl2/libanonymous.so.2.0.22
sendmail 4864 root mem REG 8,1 14848 360761 /usr/lib/sasl2/libplain.so.2.0.22
sendmail 4864 root mem REG 8,1 1011184 7457993 /lib/libdb-4.3.so
sendmail 4864 root mem REG 8,1 610836 273661 /usr/lib/libkrb5.so.3.3
sendmail 4864 root mem REG 8,1 245376 7457985 /lib/libsepol.so.1
sendmail 4864 root mem REG 8,1 47172 360819 /usr/lib/sasl2/libdigestmd5.so.2.0.22
sendmail 4864 root mem REG 8,1 7457954 /lib/ld-2.5.so (path inode=7456528)
sendmail 4864 root mem REG 8,1 190712 273662 /usr/lib/libgssapi_krb5.so.2.2
sendmail 4864 root mem REG 8,1 240584 270215 /usr/lib/libldap-2.3.so.0.2.31
sendmail 4864 root mem REG 8,1 32824 7456716 /lib/libwrap.so.0.7.6
sendmail 4864 root mem REG 8,1 7457968 /lib/libc-2.5.so (path inode=7456535)
sendmail 4864 root mem REG 8,1 7880 7457983 /lib/libkeyutils-1.2.so
sendmail 4864 root mem REG 8,1 14752 360757 /usr/lib/sasl2/liblogin.so.2.0.22
sendmail 4864 root mem REG 8,1 15496 278087 /usr/lib/libhesiod.so.0.0.0
sendmail 4864 root mem REG 8,1 905200 360823 /usr/lib/sasl2/libsasldb.so.2.0.22
sendmail 4864 root mem REG 8,1 7456552 /lib/libnss_files-2.5.so (path inode=7456551)
sendmail 4864 root mem REG 8,1 293108 7457989 /lib/libssl.so.0.9.8e
sendmail 4864 root mem REG 8,1 7457982 /lib/libnsl-2.5.so (path inode=7456545)
sendmail 4864 root mem REG 8,1 33680 273659 /usr/lib/libkrb5support.so.0.1
sendmail 4864 root mem REG 8,1 7457984 /lib/libresolv-2.5.so (path inode=7456561)
sendmail 4864 root mem REG 8,1 75028 65602 /usr/lib/libz.so.1.2.3
sendmail 4864 root mem REG 8,1 1296932 7457988 /lib/libcrypto.so.0.9.8e
sendmail 4864 root 0r CHR 1,3 1646 /dev/null
sendmail 4864 root 1w CHR 1,3 1646 /dev/null
sendmail 4864 root 2w CHR 1,3 1646 /dev/null
sendmail 4864 root 3u unix 0xf258ee40 18051 socket
sendmail 4864 root 4u IPv4 18052 TCP localhost.localdomain:smtp (LISTEN)
sendmail 4864 root 5wW REG 8,1 33 3435270 /var/run/sendmail.pid
root 4864 1 0 16:40 ? 00:00:00 sendmail: accepting connections
smmsp 4878 1 0 16:40 ? 00:00:00 sendmail: Queue runner@01:00:00 for /var/spool/clientmqueue
root 8620 8601 0 17:54 pts/1 00:00:00 grep -i --color sendmail
[root@linux220 ~]# lsof -p 4864
COMMAND PID USER FD TYPE DEVICE SIZE NODE NAME
sendmail 4864 root cwd DIR 8,1 4096 3434270 /var/spool/mqueue
sendmail 4864 root rtd DIR 8,1 4096 2 /
sendmail 4864 root txt REG 8,1 806460 275046 /usr/sbin/sendmail.sendmail
sendmail 4864 root mem REG 8,1 7457978 /lib/libcrypt-2.5.so (path inode=7456539)
sendmail 4864 root mem REG 8,1 99060 273686 /usr/lib/libsasl2.so.2.0.22
sendmail 4864 root mem REG 8,1 53756 275649 /usr/lib/liblber-2.3.so.0.2.31
sendmail 4864 root mem REG 8,1 7748 7457987 /lib/libcom_err.so.2.1
sendmail 4864 root mem REG 8,1 157304 273660 /usr/lib/libk5crypto.so.3.1
sendmail 4864 root mem REG 8,1 7457969 /lib/libdl-2.5.so (path inode=7456541)
sendmail 4864 root mem REG 8,1 7457970 /lib/libpthread-2.5.so (path inode=7456559)
sendmail 4864 root mem REG 8,1 93508 7457986 /lib/libselinux.so.1
sendmail 4864 root mem REG 8,1 16832 360815 /usr/lib/sasl2/libcrammd5.so.2.0.22
sendmail 4864 root mem REG 8,1 14372 360701 /usr/lib/sasl2/libanonymous.so.2.0.22
sendmail 4864 root mem REG 8,1 14848 360761 /usr/lib/sasl2/libplain.so.2.0.22
sendmail 4864 root mem REG 8,1 1011184 7457993 /lib/libdb-4.3.so
sendmail 4864 root mem REG 8,1 610836 273661 /usr/lib/libkrb5.so.3.3
sendmail 4864 root mem REG 8,1 245376 7457985 /lib/libsepol.so.1
sendmail 4864 root mem REG 8,1 47172 360819 /usr/lib/sasl2/libdigestmd5.so.2.0.22
sendmail 4864 root mem REG 8,1 7457954 /lib/ld-2.5.so (path inode=7456528)
sendmail 4864 root mem REG 8,1 190712 273662 /usr/lib/libgssapi_krb5.so.2.2
sendmail 4864 root mem REG 8,1 240584 270215 /usr/lib/libldap-2.3.so.0.2.31
sendmail 4864 root mem REG 8,1 32824 7456716 /lib/libwrap.so.0.7.6
sendmail 4864 root mem REG 8,1 7457968 /lib/libc-2.5.so (path inode=7456535)
sendmail 4864 root mem REG 8,1 7880 7457983 /lib/libkeyutils-1.2.so
sendmail 4864 root mem REG 8,1 14752 360757 /usr/lib/sasl2/liblogin.so.2.0.22
sendmail 4864 root mem REG 8,1 15496 278087 /usr/lib/libhesiod.so.0.0.0
sendmail 4864 root mem REG 8,1 905200 360823 /usr/lib/sasl2/libsasldb.so.2.0.22
sendmail 4864 root mem REG 8,1 7456552 /lib/libnss_files-2.5.so (path inode=7456551)
sendmail 4864 root mem REG 8,1 293108 7457989 /lib/libssl.so.0.9.8e
sendmail 4864 root mem REG 8,1 7457982 /lib/libnsl-2.5.so (path inode=7456545)
sendmail 4864 root mem REG 8,1 33680 273659 /usr/lib/libkrb5support.so.0.1
sendmail 4864 root mem REG 8,1 7457984 /lib/libresolv-2.5.so (path inode=7456561)
sendmail 4864 root mem REG 8,1 75028 65602 /usr/lib/libz.so.1.2.3
sendmail 4864 root mem REG 8,1 1296932 7457988 /lib/libcrypto.so.0.9.8e
sendmail 4864 root 0r CHR 1,3 1646 /dev/null
sendmail 4864 root 1w CHR 1,3 1646 /dev/null
sendmail 4864 root 2w CHR 1,3 1646 /dev/null
sendmail 4864 root 3u unix 0xf258ee40 18051 socket
sendmail 4864 root 4u IPv4 18052 TCP localhost.localdomain:smtp (LISTEN)
sendmail 4864 root 5wW REG 8,1 33 3435270 /var/run/sendmail.pid
[root@linux220 ~]# lsof -i //현재 사용하고 있는 모든 소켓 상태를 확인 가능
COMMAND PID USER FD TYPE DEVICE SIZE NODE NAME
portmap 3705 rpc 3u IPv4 8708 UDP *:sunrpc
portmap 3705 rpc 4u IPv4 8717 TCP *:sunrpc (LISTEN)
rpc.statd 3746 root 3u IPv4 8837 UDP *:957
rpc.statd 3746 root 6u IPv4 8820 UDP *:954
rpc.statd 3746 root 7u IPv4 8892 TCP *:960 (LISTEN)
hpiod 3950 root 0u IPv4 10927 TCP localhost.localdomain:2208 (LISTEN)
python 3955 root 4u IPv4 10945 TCP localhost.localdomain:2207 (LISTEN)
cupsd 3977 root 4u IPv4 11016 TCP localhost.localdomain:ipp (LISTEN)
cupsd 3977 root 6u IPv4 11019 UDP *:ipp
xinetd 3991 root 5u IPv4 11085 TCP *:telnet (LISTEN)
avahi-dae 4182 avahi 13u IPv4 11504 UDP *:mdns
avahi-dae 4182 avahi 14u IPv6 11505 UDP *:mdns
avahi-dae 4182 avahi 15u IPv4 11506 UDP *:56077
avahi-dae 4182 avahi 16u IPv6 11507 UDP *:55056
sendmail 4864 root 4u IPv4 18052 TCP localhost.localdomain:smtp (LISTEN)
httpd 4899 root 4u IPv6 18270 TCP *:http (LISTEN)
httpd 4899 root 6u IPv6 18275 TCP *:https (LISTEN)
httpd 4901 apache 4u IPv6 18270 TCP *:http (LISTEN)
httpd 4901 apache 6u IPv6 18275 TCP *:https (LISTEN)
httpd 4902 apache 4u IPv6 18270 TCP *:http (LISTEN)
httpd 4902 apache 6u IPv6 18275 TCP *:https (LISTEN)
httpd 4903 apache 4u IPv6 18270 TCP *:http (LISTEN)
httpd 4903 apache 6u IPv6 18275 TCP *:https (LISTEN)
httpd 4904 apache 4u IPv6 18270 TCP *:http (LISTEN)
httpd 4904 apache 6u IPv6 18275 TCP *:https (LISTEN)
httpd 4905 apache 4u IPv6 18270 TCP *:http (LISTEN)
httpd 4905 apache 6u IPv6 18275 TCP *:https (LISTEN)
httpd 4906 apache 4u IPv6 18270 TCP *:http (LISTEN)
httpd 4906 apache 6u IPv6 18275 TCP *:https (LISTEN)
httpd 4907 apache 4u IPv6 18270 TCP *:http (LISTEN)
httpd 4907 apache 6u IPv6 18275 TCP *:https (LISTEN)
httpd 4908 apache 4u IPv6 18270 TCP *:http (LISTEN)
httpd 4908 apache 6u IPv6 18275 TCP *:https (LISTEN)
sshd 8529 root 3u IPv6 164390 TCP *:ssh (LISTEN)
[root@linux220 ~]# ssh root@172.16.9.252
root@172.16.9.252's password:
Last login: Wed Apr 20 17:56:23 2016 from 172.16.6.204
[linux252@~]# lsof -i@172.16.9.252
COMMAND PID USER FD TYPE DEVICE SIZE/OFF NODE NAME
named 4146 named 21u IPv4 10024 0t0 TCP linux252.example.com:domain (LISTEN)
named 4146 named 513u IPv4 10023 0t0 UDP linux252.example.com:domain
ntpd 4632 ntp 23u IPv4 13218 0t0 UDP linux252.example.com:ntp
nmbd 14773 root 16u IPv4 1703377 0t0 UDP linux252.example.com:netbios-ns
nmbd 14773 root 17u IPv4 1703378 0t0 UDP linux252.example.com:netbios-dgm
sshd 30673 root 3u IPv4 2770886 0t0 TCP linux252.example.com:ssh->172.16.6.229:37478 (ESTABLISHED)
sshd 30708 root 3u IPv4 2775559 0t0 TCP linux252.example.com:ssh->172.16.6.200:56786 (ESTABLISHED)
sshd 30712 root 3u IPv4 2775584 0t0 TCP linux252.example.com:ssh->172.16.6.249:44787 (ESTABLISHED)
sshd 30738 root 3u IPv4 2775657 0t0 TCP linux252.example.com:ssh->172.16.6.207:38941 (ESTABLISHED)
sshd 30740 root 3u IPv4 2775682 0t0 TCP linux252.example.com:ssh->172.16.6.224:42207 (ESTABLISHED)
sshd 30742 root 3u IPv4 2775711 0t0 TCP linux252.example.com:ssh->172.16.6.226:51533 (ESTABLISHED)
sshd 30794 root 3u IPv4 2775895 0t0 TCP linux252.example.com:ssh->172.16.6.225:58355 (ESTABLISHED)
sshd 30820 root 3u IPv4 2775970 0t0 TCP linux252.example.com:ssh->172.16.6.214:55465 (ESTABLISHED)
sshd 30822 root 3u IPv4 2775990 0t0 TCP linux252.example.com:ssh->ns1.linux215.1.16.172.in-addr.arpa:37253 (ESTABLISHED)
sshd 30848 root 3u IPv4 2776070 0t0 TCP linux252.example.com:ssh->172.16.6.220:52092 (ESTABLISHED)
sshd 30850 root 3u IPv4 2776097 0t0 TCP linux252.example.com:ssh->172.16.6.205:52797 (ESTABLISHED)
sshd 30852 root 3u IPv4 2776117 0t0 TCP linux252.example.com:ssh->172.16.6.210:49774 (ESTABLISHED)
sshd 30854 root 3u IPv4 2776149 0t0 TCP linux252.example.com:ssh->172.16.6.208:48337 (ESTABLISHED)
sshd 30856 root 3u IPv4 2776174 0t0 TCP linux252.example.com:ssh->172.16.6.217:49906 (ESTABLISHED)
sshd 30858 root 3u IPv4 2776199 0t0 TCP linux252.example.com:ssh->172.16.6.216:55602 (ESTABLISHED)
sshd 30884 root 3u IPv4 2776272 0t0 TCP linux252.example.com:ssh->172.16.6.209:39253 (ESTABLISHED)
sshd 30887 root 3u IPv4 2776297 0t0 TCP linux252.example.com:ssh->172.16.6.218:41942 (ESTABLISHED)
sshd 30937 root 3u IPv4 2776442 0t0 TCP linux252.example.com:ssh->172.16.6.204:47412 (ESTABLISHED)
sshd 30988 root 3u IPv4 2776967 0t0 TCP linux252.example.com:ssh->172.16.6.203:59064 (ESTABLISHED)
sshd 31038 root 3u IPv4 2777110 0t0 TCP linux252.example.com:ssh->172.16.6.222:48034 (ESTABLISHED)
sshd 31039 sshd 3u IPv4 2777110 0t0 TCP linux252.example.com:ssh->172.16.6.222:48034 (ESTABLISHED)
sshd 31168 root 3u IPv4 2778217 0t0 TCP linux252.example.com:ssh->172.16.6.223:60886 (ESTABLISHED)
sshd 31173 root 3u IPv4 2778327 0t0 TCP linux252.example.com:ssh->172.16.6.213:46232 (ESTABLISHED)
sshd 31204 root 3u IPv4 2778838 0t0 TCP linux252.example.com:ssh->172.16.6.202:55859 (ESTABLISHED)
sshd 31205 sshd 3u IPv4 2778838 0t0 TCP linux252.example.com:ssh->172.16.6.202:55859 (ESTABLISHED)
[root@linux220 ~]# lsof -c sshd | more //특정 데몬이 사용하고 있는 모든 파일의 정보 출력
COMMAND PID USER FD TYPE DEVICE SIZE NODE NAME
sshd 8529 root cwd DIR 8,1 4096 2 /
sshd 8529 root rtd DIR 8,1 4096 2 /
sshd 8529 root txt REG 8,1 408576 1340939 /usr/sbin/sshd
sshd 8529 root mem REG 8,1 190712 273662 /usr/lib/libgssapi_krb5.so.2.2
sshd 8529 root mem REG 8,1 610836 273661 /usr/lib/libkrb5.so.3.3
sshd 8529 root mem REG 8,1 7880 7457983 /lib/libkeyutils-1.2.so
sshd 8529 root mem REG 8,1 98532 273688 /usr/lib/libnssutil3.so
sshd 8529 root mem REG 8,1 15556 273685 /usr/lib/libplc4.so
sshd 8529 root mem REG 8,1 228028 273683 /usr/lib/libnspr4.so
sshd 8529 root mem REG 8,1 135928 7456559 /lib/libpthread-2.5.so
sshd 8529 root mem REG 8,1 50848 7456551 /lib/libnss_files-2.5.so
sshd 8529 root mem REG 8,1 11460 273684 /usr/lib/libplds4.so
sshd 8529 root mem REG 8,1 97220 7456701 /lib/libaudit.so.0.0.0
sshd 8529 root mem REG 8,1 107924 7456545 /lib/libnsl-2.5.so
sshd 8529 root mem REG 8,1 32824 7456716 /lib/libwrap.so.0.7.6
sshd 8529 root mem REG 8,1 245376 7457985 /lib/libsepol.so.1
sshd 8529 root mem REG 8,1 43616 7456539 /lib/libcrypt-2.5.so
sshd 8529 root mem REG 8,1 93508 7457986 /lib/libselinux.so.1
sshd 8529 root mem REG 8,1 129476 7456528 /lib/ld-2.5.so
sshd 8529 root mem REG 8,1 1188804 273689 /usr/lib/libnss3.so
sshd 8529 root mem REG 8,1 83048 7456561 /lib/libresolv-2.5.so
sshd 8529 root mem REG 8,1 6632 272841 /usr/lib/libfipscheck.so.1.1.0
sshd 8529 root mem REG 8,1 7748 7457987 /lib/libcom_err.so.2.1
sshd 8529 root mem REG 8,1 1702788 7456535 /lib/libc-2.5.so
sshd 8529 root mem REG 8,1 157304 273660 /usr/lib/libk5crypto.so.3.1
sshd 8529 root mem REG 8,1 18812 7456541 /lib/libdl-2.5.so
sshd 8529 root mem REG 8,1 13492 7456567 /lib/libutil-2.5.so
sshd 8529 root mem REG 8,1 33680 273659 /usr/lib/libkrb5support.so.0.1
sshd 8529 root mem REG 8,1 1296932 7457988 /lib/libcrypto.so.0.9.8e
sshd 8529 root mem REG 8,1 75028 65602 /usr/lib/libz.so.1.2.3
sshd 8529 root mem REG 8,1 44532 7457997 /lib/libpam.so.0.81.5
sshd 8529 root 0u CHR 1,3 1646 /dev/null
sshd 8529 root 1u CHR 1,3 1646 /dev/null
sshd 8529 root 2u CHR 1,3 1646 /dev/null
sshd 8529 root 3u IPv6 164390 TCP *:ssh (LISTEN)
[root@linux220 ~]# lsof | grep '^sshd'
sshd 8529 root cwd DIR 8,1 4096 2 /
sshd 8529 root rtd DIR 8,1 4096 2 /
sshd 8529 root txt REG 8,1 408576 1340939 /usr/sbin/sshd
sshd 8529 root mem REG 8,1 190712 273662 /usr/lib/libgssapi_krb5.so.2.2
sshd 8529 root mem REG 8,1 610836 273661 /usr/lib/libkrb5.so.3.3
sshd 8529 root mem REG 8,1 7880 7457983 /lib/libkeyutils-1.2.so
sshd 8529 root mem REG 8,1 98532 273688 /usr/lib/libnssutil3.so
sshd 8529 root mem REG 8,1 15556 273685 /usr/lib/libplc4.so
sshd 8529 root mem REG 8,1 228028 273683 /usr/lib/libnspr4.so
sshd 8529 root mem REG 8,1 135928 7456559 /lib/libpthread-2.5.so
sshd 8529 root mem REG 8,1 50848 7456551 /lib/libnss_files-2.5.so
sshd 8529 root mem REG 8,1 11460 273684 /usr/lib/libplds4.so
sshd 8529 root mem REG 8,1 97220 7456701 /lib/libaudit.so.0.0.0
sshd 8529 root mem REG 8,1 107924 7456545 /lib/libnsl-2.5.so
sshd 8529 root mem REG 8,1 32824 7456716 /lib/libwrap.so.0.7.6
sshd 8529 root mem REG 8,1 245376 7457985 /lib/libsepol.so.1
sshd 8529 root mem REG 8,1 43616 7456539 /lib/libcrypt-2.5.so
sshd 8529 root mem REG 8,1 93508 7457986 /lib/libselinux.so.1
sshd 8529 root mem REG 8,1 129476 7456528 /lib/ld-2.5.so
sshd 8529 root mem REG 8,1 1188804 273689 /usr/lib/libnss3.so
sshd 8529 root mem REG 8,1 83048 7456561 /lib/libresolv-2.5.so
sshd 8529 root mem REG 8,1 6632 272841 /usr/lib/libfipscheck.so.1.1.0
sshd 8529 root mem REG 8,1 7748 7457987 /lib/libcom_err.so.2.1
sshd 8529 root mem REG 8,1 1702788 7456535 /lib/libc-2.5.so
sshd 8529 root mem REG 8,1 157304 273660 /usr/lib/libk5crypto.so.3.1
sshd 8529 root mem REG 8,1 18812 7456541 /lib/libdl-2.5.so
sshd 8529 root mem REG 8,1 13492 7456567 /lib/libutil-2.5.so
sshd 8529 root mem REG 8,1 33680 273659 /usr/lib/libkrb5support.so.0.1
sshd 8529 root mem REG 8,1 1296932 7457988 /lib/libcrypto.so.0.9.8e
sshd 8529 root mem REG 8,1 75028 65602 /usr/lib/libz.so.1.2.3
sshd 8529 root mem REG 8,1 44532 7457997 /lib/libpam.so.0.81.5
sshd 8529 root 0u CHR 1,3 1646 /dev/null
sshd 8529 root 1u CHR 1,3 1646 /dev/null
sshd 8529 root 2u CHR 1,3 1646 /dev/null
sshd 8529 root 3u IPv6 164390 TCP *:ssh (LISTEN)
pCMD(ps, pmap, pstree, pwdx, ....)
# pmap PID
# pstree PID
# pwdx PID
(3) pmap 명령어
프로세스가 사용하고 있는 메모리의 주소를 확인 할 수 있다.
응용프로그램이 실행될 때 얼마나 많은 라이브러리가 로드되는가를 확인 할 수 있다.
프로세스가 사용하고 있는 메모리의 주소를 확인 할 수 있다.
응용프로그램이 실행될 때 얼마나 많은 라이브러리가 로드되는가를 확인 할 수 있다.
[명령어 형식]
# pmap PID
# pmap PID
[root@linux220 ~]# ps -ef | grep sendmail
root 4864 1 0 16:40 ? 00:00:00 sendmail: accepting connections
smmsp 4878 1 0 16:40 ? 00:00:00 sendmail: Queue runner@01:00:00 for /var/spool/clientmqueue
root 8673 8601 0 18:01 pts/1 00:00:00 grep -i --color sendmail
[root@linux220 ~]# pmap 4864 //프로세스가 사용하고 있는 메모리의 주소를 확인
4864: sendmail: accepting connections
00110000 36K r-x-- /lib/libcrypt-2.5.so
00119000 4K r-x-- /lib/libcrypt-2.5.so
0011a000 4K rwx-- /lib/libcrypt-2.5.so
0011b000 156K rwx-- [ anon ]
00142000 96K r-x-- /usr/lib/libsasl2.so.2.0.22
0015a000 4K rwx-- /usr/lib/libsasl2.so.2.0.22
0015b000 52K r-x-- /usr/lib/liblber-2.3.so.0.2.31
00168000 4K rwx-- /usr/lib/liblber-2.3.so.0.2.31
00169000 8K r-x-- /lib/libcom_err.so.2.1
0016b000 4K rwx-- /lib/libcom_err.so.2.1
0016c000 148K r-x-- /usr/lib/libk5crypto.so.3.1
00191000 4K rwx-- /usr/lib/libk5crypto.so.3.1
00192000 8K r-x-- /lib/libdl-2.5.so
00194000 4K r-x-- /lib/libdl-2.5.so
00195000 4K rwx-- /lib/libdl-2.5.so
00196000 80K r-x-- /lib/libpthread-2.5.so
001aa000 4K r-x-- /lib/libpthread-2.5.so
001ab000 4K rwx-- /lib/libpthread-2.5.so
001ac000 8K rwx-- [ anon ]
001ae000 88K r-x-- /lib/libselinux.so.1
001c4000 8K rwx-- /lib/libselinux.so.1
001c6000 16K r-x-- /usr/lib/sasl2/libcrammd5.so.2.0.22
001ca000 4K rwx-- /usr/lib/sasl2/libcrammd5.so.2.0.22
001cb000 16K r-x-- /usr/lib/sasl2/libanonymous.so.2.0.22
001cf000 4K rwx-- /usr/lib/sasl2/libanonymous.so.2.0.22
001d0000 16K r-x-- /usr/lib/sasl2/libplain.so.2.0.22
001d4000 4K rwx-- /usr/lib/sasl2/libplain.so.2.0.22
001dd000 4K r-x-- [ anon ]
001de000 980K r-x-- /lib/libdb-4.3.so
002d3000 12K rwx-- /lib/libdb-4.3.so
002d6000 588K r-x-- /usr/lib/libkrb5.so.3.3
00369000 12K rwx-- /usr/lib/libkrb5.so.3.3
0036c000 236K r-x-- /lib/libsepol.so.1
003a7000 4K rwx-- /lib/libsepol.so.1
003a8000 40K rwx-- [ anon ]
003b2000 44K r-x-- /usr/lib/sasl2/libdigestmd5.so.2.0.22
003bd000 4K rwx-- /usr/lib/sasl2/libdigestmd5.so.2.0.22
003f7000 104K r-x-- /lib/ld-2.5.so
00411000 4K r-x-- /lib/ld-2.5.so
00412000 4K rwx-- /lib/ld-2.5.so
00463000 180K r-x-- /usr/lib/libgssapi_krb5.so.2.2
00490000 4K rwx-- /usr/lib/libgssapi_krb5.so.2.2
0053a000 228K r-x-- /usr/lib/libldap-2.3.so.0.2.31
00573000 4K rwx-- /usr/lib/libldap-2.3.so.0.2.31
005b9000 28K r-x-- /lib/libwrap.so.0.7.6
005c0000 4K rwx-- /lib/libwrap.so.0.7.6
005c1000 1276K r-x-- /lib/libc-2.5.so
00700000 4K --x-- /lib/libc-2.5.so
00701000 8K r-x-- /lib/libc-2.5.so
00703000 4K rwx-- /lib/libc-2.5.so
00704000 12K rwx-- [ anon ]
0078c000 8K r-x-- /lib/libkeyutils-1.2.so
0078e000 4K rwx-- /lib/libkeyutils-1.2.so
007ab000 776K r-x-- /usr/sbin/sendmail.sendmail
0086d000 12K rwx-- /usr/sbin/sendmail.sendmail
00870000 472K rwx-- [ anon ]
0098d000 16K r-x-- /usr/lib/sasl2/liblogin.so.2.0.22
00991000 4K rwx-- /usr/lib/sasl2/liblogin.so.2.0.22
00a09000 12K r-x-- /usr/lib/libhesiod.so.0.0.0
00a0c000 4K rwx-- /usr/lib/libhesiod.so.0.0.0
00a0d000 876K r-x-- /usr/lib/sasl2/libsasldb.so.2.0.22
00ae8000 8K rwx-- /usr/lib/sasl2/libsasldb.so.2.0.22
00b02000 36K r-x-- /lib/libnss_files-2.5.so
00b0b000 4K r-x-- /lib/libnss_files-2.5.so
00b0c000 4K rwx-- /lib/libnss_files-2.5.so
00ca1000 272K r-x-- /lib/libssl.so.0.9.8e
00ce5000 16K rwx-- /lib/libssl.so.0.9.8e
00d92000 76K r-x-- /lib/libnsl-2.5.so
00da5000 4K r-x-- /lib/libnsl-2.5.so
00da6000 4K rwx-- /lib/libnsl-2.5.so
00da7000 8K rwx-- [ anon ]
00e10000 32K r-x-- /usr/lib/libkrb5support.so.0.1
00e18000 4K rwx-- /usr/lib/libkrb5support.so.0.1
00e21000 60K r-x-- /lib/libresolv-2.5.so
00e30000 4K r-x-- /lib/libresolv-2.5.so
00e31000 4K rwx-- /lib/libresolv-2.5.so
00e32000 8K rwx-- [ anon ]
00e90000 72K r-x-- /usr/lib/libz.so.1.2.3
00ea2000 4K rwx-- /usr/lib/libz.so.1.2.3
00ebe000 1192K r-x-- /lib/libcrypto.so.0.9.8e
00fe8000 76K rwx-- /lib/libcrypto.so.0.9.8e
00ffb000 16K rwx-- [ anon ]
08d7d000 404K rw--- [ anon ]
b7f77000 28K rw--- [ anon ]
bfa35000 208K rw--- [ stack ]
total 9304K
(4) pstree 프로세스 상관도
실행중인 프로세스 상태를 트리 구조로 보여주는 명령어.
프로세스의 부모 자식관계를 형태로 보여주는 명령어
실행중인 프로세스 상태를 트리 구조로 보여주는 명령어.
프로세스의 부모 자식관계를 형태로 보여주는 명령어
[명령어 형식]
# pstree (# pstree –l)
# pstree PID
# pstree user01
# pstree (# pstree –l)
# pstree PID
# pstree user01
(선수작업) 필요하면 명령어 수행
# ps
# sleep 500 &
# sleep 600 &
# sleep 700 &
# ps
# ps
# sleep 500 &
# sleep 600 &
# sleep 700 &
# ps
[root@linux220 ~]# ps
PID TTY TIME CMD
8601 pts/1 00:00:00 bash
8678 pts/1 00:00:00 ps
[root@linux220 ~]# sleep 500 &
[1] 8679
[root@linux220 ~]# sleep 600 &
[2] 8680
[root@linux220 ~]# sleep 700 &
[3] 8681
[root@linux220 ~]# ps
PID TTY TIME CMD
8601 pts/1 00:00:00 bash
8679 pts/1 00:00:00 sleep
8680 pts/1 00:00:00 sleep
8681 pts/1 00:00:00 sleep
8682 pts/1 00:00:00 ps
PID TTY TIME CMD
8601 pts/1 00:00:00 bash
8678 pts/1 00:00:00 ps
[root@linux220 ~]# sleep 500 &
[1] 8679
[root@linux220 ~]# sleep 600 &
[2] 8680
[root@linux220 ~]# sleep 700 &
[3] 8681
[root@linux220 ~]# ps
PID TTY TIME CMD
8601 pts/1 00:00:00 bash
8679 pts/1 00:00:00 sleep
8680 pts/1 00:00:00 sleep
8681 pts/1 00:00:00 sleep
8682 pts/1 00:00:00 ps
[root@linux220 ~]# pstree | more
그림11
[root@linux220 ~]# ps
PID TTY TIME CMD
8601 pts/1 00:00:00 bash
8679 pts/1 00:00:00 sleep
8680 pts/1 00:00:00 sleep
8681 pts/1 00:00:00 sleep
8693 pts/1 00:00:00 ps
[root@linux220 ~]# pstree 8601
bash─┬─pstree
└─3*[sleep]
[root@linux220 ~]# bash
|---> ~/.bashrc read
|---> /etc/bashrc read
|---> /etc/profile.d/*.sh read
[root@linux220 ~]# bash
|---> ~/.bashrc read
|---> /etc/bashrc read
|---> /etc/profile.d/*.sh read
[root@linux220 ~]# ps
PID TTY TIME CMD
8601 pts/1 00:00:00 bash
8679 pts/1 00:00:00 sleep
8680 pts/1 00:00:00 sleep
8681 pts/1 00:00:00 sleep
8696 pts/1 00:00:00 bash
8708 pts/1 00:00:00 bash
8720 pts/1 00:00:00 ps
[root@linux220 ~]# pstree 8601
bash─┬─bash───bash───pstree
└─3*[sleep]
[root@linux220 ~]# exit
exit
[root@linux220 ~]# exit
exit
[root@linux220 ~]# jobs
[1] Running sleep 500 &
[2]- Running sleep 600 &
[3]+ Running sleep 700 &
[root@linux220 ~]# kill %1
[1] 종료됨 sleep 500
[root@linux220 ~]# kill %2
[2]- 종료됨 sleep 600
[root@linux220 ~]# kill %3
[3]+ 종료됨 sleep 700
[root@linux220 ~]# pstree 8601
bash───pstree
(5) pwdx CMD
대상 프로세스의 현재 작업 디렉토리를 얻을 수 있다.
[root@linux220 ~]# ps
PID TTY TIME CMD
8601 pts/1 00:00:00 bash
8730 pts/1 00:00:00 ps
[root@linux220 ~]# pwdx 8601
8601: /root
PID TTY TIME CMD
8601 pts/1 00:00:00 bash
8730 pts/1 00:00:00 ps
[root@linux220 ~]# pwdx 8601
8601: /root
[root@linux220 ~]# cd /etc/sysconfig
[root@linux220 /etc/sysconfig]# ps
PID TTY TIME CMD
8601 pts/1 00:00:00 bash
8734 pts/1 00:00:00 ps
[root@linux220 /etc/sysconfig]# pwdx 8601
8601: /etc/sysconfig
(6) nice / renice 명령어
프로세스를 실행하는데 있어서 프로세스에게 우선권을 부여 할 수 있다.
일반적으로 프로세스들은 설정된 우선권 순위대로 실행이 되는데
nice명령을 사용하게 되면 프로세스의 실행 우선권을 바꿀 수 있다.
우선권 순위는 -20에서 19까지의 범위를 가지며 nice 값이 적을수록 우선순위 값이 높아지게 된다.
프로세스를 실행하는데 있어서 프로세스에게 우선권을 부여 할 수 있다.
일반적으로 프로세스들은 설정된 우선권 순위대로 실행이 되는데
nice명령을 사용하게 되면 프로세스의 실행 우선권을 바꿀 수 있다.
우선권 순위는 -20에서 19까지의 범위를 가지며 nice 값이 적을수록 우선순위 값이 높아지게 된다.
프로세스의 우선순위: 프로세스가 운영체제의 CPU를 선점할 수 있는 권한
(프로세스의 우선순위를 조정하는 명령어)
■ nice 명령어 : 프로그램을 실행할 때 프로세스의 우선순위를 설정할 수 있는 명령어
■ renice 명령어 : 실행중인 프로그램의 우선순위를 조정할 수 있는 명령어
■ nice 명령어 : 프로그램을 실행할 때 프로세스의 우선순위를 설정할 수 있는 명령어
■ renice 명령어 : 실행중인 프로그램의 우선순위를 조정할 수 있는 명령어
[root@linux220 ~]# ps -l
F S UID PID PPID C PRI NI ADDR SZ WCHAN TTY TIME CMD
0 S 0 4636 4630 0 75 0 - 1461 wait pts/1 00:00:00 bash
4 R 0 4714 4636 0 77 0 - 1379 - pts/1 00:00:00 ps
F S UID PID PPID C PRI NI ADDR SZ WCHAN TTY TIME CMD
0 S 0 4636 4630 0 75 0 - 1461 wait pts/1 00:00:00 bash
4 R 0 4714 4636 0 77 0 - 1379 - pts/1 00:00:00 ps
PRI(Priority) 우선순위 숫자가 낮으면 우선순위가 높다
NI PRI에 대한 보정값 정도인거 같다?
NI PRI에 대한 보정값 정도인거 같다?
PRI : Process가 OS의 Process 스케쥴러에서 갖는 우선 순위를 말합니다. 우선순위가 높으면 우선 순위가 낮은것 보다 우선 적으로 실행 됩니다.
NI : Process의 nice value입니다. 음수인 경우 높은 우선순위를 갖습니다.
NI : Process의 nice value입니다. 음수인 경우 높은 우선순위를 갖습니다.
(명령어 형식)
# CMD (EX: # backup.sh)
# nice -(-20 ~ 19) CMD (EX: # nice -10 backup.sh (NI: 10))
# nice -n (-20 ~ 19) CMD (EX: # nice --10 backup.sh (NI: -10))
# nice -(-20 ~ 19) CMD (EX: # nice -10 backup.sh (NI: 10))
# nice -n (-20 ~ 19) CMD (EX: # nice --10 backup.sh (NI: -10))
# renice (-20 ~ 20) PID (EX: # renice 10 PID (NI: 10))
# renice -n (-20 ~ 20) PID (EX: # renice -10 PID (NI: -10))
# renice -n (-20 ~ 20) PID (EX: # renice -10 PID (NI: -10))
[EX] nice 명령어 실습
[root@linux220 ~]# sleep 500 &
[1] 4723
[root@linux220 ~]# sleep 600 &
[2] 4724
[root@linux220 ~]# ps -l
F S UID PID PPID C PRI NI ADDR SZ WCHAN TTY TIME CMD
0 S 0 4636 4630 0 76 0 - 1461 wait pts/1 00:00:00 bash
0 S 0 4723 4636 0 77 0 - 1253 - pts/1 00:00:00 sleep
0 S 0 4724 4636 0 77 0 - 1253 - pts/1 00:00:00 sleep
4 R 0 4726 4636 0 78 0 - 1379 - pts/1 00:00:00 ps
[root@linux220 ~]# nice -n 15 sleep 700 &
[3] 4728
[root@linux220 ~]# ps -l
F S UID PID PPID C PRI NI ADDR SZ WCHAN TTY TIME CMD
0 S 0 4636 4630 0 75 0 - 1461 wait pts/1 00:00:00 bash
0 S 0 4723 4636 0 77 0 - 1253 - pts/1 00:00:00 sleep
0 S 0 4724 4636 0 77 0 - 1253 - pts/1 00:00:00 sleep
0 S 0 4728 4636 0 95 15 - 1253 - pts/1 00:00:00 sleep
4 R 0 4729 4636 0 77 0 - 1379 - pts/1 00:00:00 ps
[root@linux220 ~]# nice -n -15 sleep 800 &
[4] 4731
[root@linux220 ~]# ps -l
F S UID PID PPID C PRI NI ADDR SZ WCHAN TTY TIME CMD
0 S 0 4636 4630 0 75 0 - 1461 wait pts/1 00:00:00 bash
0 S 0 4723 4636 0 77 0 - 1253 - pts/1 00:00:00 sleep
0 S 0 4724 4636 0 77 0 - 1253 - pts/1 00:00:00 sleep
0 S 0 4728 4636 0 95 15 - 1253 - pts/1 00:00:00 sleep
4 S 0 4731 4636 0 62 -15 - 1253 - pts/1 00:00:00 sleep
4 R 0 4732 4636 0 77 0 - 1379 - pts/1 00:00:00 ps
[root@linux220 ~]# renice -5 4728
4728: old priority 15, new priority -5
[root@linux220 ~]# ps -l
F S UID PID PPID C PRI NI ADDR SZ WCHAN TTY TIME CMD
0 S 0 4636 4630 0 75 0 - 1461 wait pts/1 00:00:00 bash
0 S 0 4723 4636 0 77 0 - 1253 - pts/1 00:00:00 sleep
0 S 0 4724 4636 0 77 0 - 1253 - pts/1 00:00:00 sleep
0 S 0 4728 4636 0 75 -5 - 1253 - pts/1 00:00:00 sleep
4 S 0 4731 4636 0 62 -15 - 1253 - pts/1 00:00:00 sleep
4 R 0 4738 4636 0 77 0 - 1379 - pts/1 00:00:00 ps
[1] 4723
[root@linux220 ~]# sleep 600 &
[2] 4724
[root@linux220 ~]# ps -l
F S UID PID PPID C PRI NI ADDR SZ WCHAN TTY TIME CMD
0 S 0 4636 4630 0 76 0 - 1461 wait pts/1 00:00:00 bash
0 S 0 4723 4636 0 77 0 - 1253 - pts/1 00:00:00 sleep
0 S 0 4724 4636 0 77 0 - 1253 - pts/1 00:00:00 sleep
4 R 0 4726 4636 0 78 0 - 1379 - pts/1 00:00:00 ps
[root@linux220 ~]# nice -n 15 sleep 700 &
[3] 4728
[root@linux220 ~]# ps -l
F S UID PID PPID C PRI NI ADDR SZ WCHAN TTY TIME CMD
0 S 0 4636 4630 0 75 0 - 1461 wait pts/1 00:00:00 bash
0 S 0 4723 4636 0 77 0 - 1253 - pts/1 00:00:00 sleep
0 S 0 4724 4636 0 77 0 - 1253 - pts/1 00:00:00 sleep
0 S 0 4728 4636 0 95 15 - 1253 - pts/1 00:00:00 sleep
4 R 0 4729 4636 0 77 0 - 1379 - pts/1 00:00:00 ps
[root@linux220 ~]# nice -n -15 sleep 800 &
[4] 4731
[root@linux220 ~]# ps -l
F S UID PID PPID C PRI NI ADDR SZ WCHAN TTY TIME CMD
0 S 0 4636 4630 0 75 0 - 1461 wait pts/1 00:00:00 bash
0 S 0 4723 4636 0 77 0 - 1253 - pts/1 00:00:00 sleep
0 S 0 4724 4636 0 77 0 - 1253 - pts/1 00:00:00 sleep
0 S 0 4728 4636 0 95 15 - 1253 - pts/1 00:00:00 sleep
4 S 0 4731 4636 0 62 -15 - 1253 - pts/1 00:00:00 sleep
4 R 0 4732 4636 0 77 0 - 1379 - pts/1 00:00:00 ps
[root@linux220 ~]# renice -5 4728
4728: old priority 15, new priority -5
[root@linux220 ~]# ps -l
F S UID PID PPID C PRI NI ADDR SZ WCHAN TTY TIME CMD
0 S 0 4636 4630 0 75 0 - 1461 wait pts/1 00:00:00 bash
0 S 0 4723 4636 0 77 0 - 1253 - pts/1 00:00:00 sleep
0 S 0 4724 4636 0 77 0 - 1253 - pts/1 00:00:00 sleep
0 S 0 4728 4636 0 75 -5 - 1253 - pts/1 00:00:00 sleep
4 S 0 4731 4636 0 62 -15 - 1253 - pts/1 00:00:00 sleep
4 R 0 4738 4636 0 77 0 - 1379 - pts/1 00:00:00 ps
[root@linux220 ~]# ps -l
F S UID PID PPID C PRI NI ADDR SZ WCHAN TTY TIME CMD
0 S 0 4636 4630 0 75 0 - 1461 wait pts/1 00:00:00 bash
0 S 0 4723 4636 0 77 0 - 1253 - pts/1 00:00:00 sleep
0 S 0 4724 4636 0 77 0 - 1253 - pts/1 00:00:00 sleep
0 S 0 4728 4636 0 75 -5 - 1253 - pts/1 00:00:00 sleep
4 S 0 4731 4636 0 62 -15 - 1253 - pts/1 00:00:00 sleep
4 R 0 4741 4636 0 77 0 - 1379 - pts/1 00:00:00 ps
[root@linux220 ~]# renice 5 4731
4731: old priority -15, new priority 5
[root@linux220 ~]# ps -l
F S UID PID PPID C PRI NI ADDR SZ WCHAN TTY TIME CMD
0 S 0 4636 4630 0 76 0 - 1461 wait pts/1 00:00:00 bash
0 S 0 4723 4636 0 77 0 - 1253 - pts/1 00:00:00 sleep
0 S 0 4724 4636 0 77 0 - 1253 - pts/1 00:00:00 sleep
0 S 0 4728 4636 0 75 -5 - 1253 - pts/1 00:00:00 sleep
4 S 0 4731 4636 0 82 5 - 1253 - pts/1 00:00:00 sleep
4 R 0 4744 4636 0 78 0 - 1379 - pts/1 00:00:00 ps
(실무 예) nice, renice 사용 예
(백업스크립트/데이트 수집 스크립트)
(X) # /root/bin/backup.sh &
(0) # nice -n 10 /root/bin/backup.sh &
(X) # /root/bin/backup.sh &
(0) # nice -n 10 /root/bin/backup.sh &
(부하량을 주는 프로그램)
# top
# renice 10 PID (PID : 부하량을 주는 프로그램's PID)
웹서비스용이면 웹데몬이 CPU를 많이 잡는다고 우선순위를 낮추면 안된다
DB용이면 DB데몬이 CPU를 많이 잡는다고 우선순위를 낮추면 안된다
주의하도록
# top
# renice 10 PID (PID : 부하량을 주는 프로그램's PID)
웹서비스용이면 웹데몬이 CPU를 많이 잡는다고 우선순위를 낮추면 안된다
DB용이면 DB데몬이 CPU를 많이 잡는다고 우선순위를 낮추면 안된다
주의하도록
원격접속과 파일전송
Remote Connection & File Transfer
파일전송
scp CMD
sftp CMD
원격접속
ssh CMD
scp CMD
sftp CMD
원격접속
ssh CMD
secure 암호화해서
sCMD 명령어 //s로 시작해서 sCMD, 아래 설명에서 뒤쪽은 평문으로 전송하는 방식
■ ssh Secure Shell(원격 접속) : telnet, rlogin
■ scp Secure Copy (파일 전송) : rcp
■ sftp Secure FTP (파일 전송) : ftp
[참고] (TUI)tcpdump, (GUI)ethereal, wireshark
(명령어 형식)
# scp file1 172.16.9.254:/tmp/file2
# scp file1 172.16.9.254:/test
# scp 172.16.9.254:/test/file1 /test
# scp -r dir1 172.16.9.254:/tmp //디렉토리를 카피하기 때문에 -r(recursive)
# scp file1 172.16.9.254:/tmp/file2
# scp file1 172.16.9.254:/test
# scp 172.16.9.254:/test/file1 /test
# scp -r dir1 172.16.9.254:/tmp //디렉토리를 카피하기 때문에 -r(recursive)
[참고] scp 명령어는 cp 명령어 형식과 비슷하다.
# cp file1 file2
# cp file1 dir1
# cp -r dir1 dir2
# cp file1 file2
# cp file1 dir1
# cp -r dir1 dir2
[EX] scp 명령어 실습
(실습 전 준비)
# service sshd restart
# pgrep -lf sshd
# service sshd restart
# pgrep -lf sshd
(on linux220)
[root@linux220 /test]# cp /etc/passwd linux220.txt
[root@linux220 /test]# cd ~/.ssh
[root@linux220 ~/.ssh]# ls
known_hosts
[root@linux220 ~/.ssh]# > known_hosts
[root@linux220 ~/.ssh]# scp /test/linux220.txt root@172.16.9.252:/tmp
The authenticity of host '172.16.9.252 (172.16.9.252)' can't be established.
RSA key fingerprint is e2:f0:f8:a2:47:3b:b4:7c:ae:65:38:0e:31:bf:1f:84.
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes
Warning: Permanently added '172.16.9.252' (RSA) to the list of known hosts.
root@172.16.9.252's password:
linux220.txt 100% 1904 1.9KB/s 00:00
[root@linux220 /test]# cd ~/.ssh
[root@linux220 ~/.ssh]# ls
known_hosts
[root@linux220 ~/.ssh]# > known_hosts
[root@linux220 ~/.ssh]# scp /test/linux220.txt root@172.16.9.252:/tmp
The authenticity of host '172.16.9.252 (172.16.9.252)' can't be established.
RSA key fingerprint is e2:f0:f8:a2:47:3b:b4:7c:ae:65:38:0e:31:bf:1f:84.
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes
Warning: Permanently added '172.16.9.252' (RSA) to the list of known hosts.
root@172.16.9.252's password:
linux220.txt 100% 1904 1.9KB/s 00:00
암호/복호화
+---------------+ +---------------+
A -> |암호화 알고리즘| -> 암호문 -> |복호화 알고리즘| -> A
| +3 /2 | | *2 -3 |
+---------------+ +---------------+
+key B +key C
A -> |암호화 알고리즘| -> 암호문 -> |복호화 알고리즘| -> A
| +3 /2 | | *2 -3 |
+---------------+ +---------------+
+key B +key C
key B = key C : 대칭키. 암호화키와 복호화키가 동일
[root@linux220 ~/.ssh]# cp /etc/services /test/CentOS220
[root@linux220 ~/.ssh]# scp -P 22 /test/CentOS220 root@172.16.9.252:/tmp //-P : Port Number
root@172.16.9.252's password:
CentOS220 100% 354KB 353.6KB/s 00:00
[root@linux220 ~/.ssh]# ssh 172.16.9.252 ls /tmp/*220*
root@172.16.9.252's password:
/tmp/CentOS220
/tmp/linux220.txt
root@172.16.9.252's password:
/tmp/CentOS220
/tmp/linux220.txt
(on linux252)
# su - fedora
$ cp /etc/passwd testfile1
(on linu220)
[root@linux220 ~/.ssh]# ssh fedora@172.16.9.252 ls
fedora@172.16.9.252's password:
file1
file2
file3
linux200
linux201
linux202
linux204
linux205
linux206
linux211
linux212
linux220
linux223
linux228.txt
linuxfile200
linuxfile201
linuxfile202
linuxfile204
linuxfile205
linuxfile206
linuxfile211
linuxfile212
linuxfile220
linuxfile223
testfile1
[root@linux220 ~/.ssh]# scp fedora@172.16.9.252:/home/fedora/testfile1 /test
fedora@172.16.9.252's password:
testfile1 100% 2461 2.4KB/s 00:00
[root@linux220 ~/.ssh]# ls /test
CentOS220 file1 file2 file3 linux220.txt testfile1
(on linu220)
[root@linux220 ~/.ssh]# scp -r 172.16.9.252:/test /tmp
root@172.16.9.252's password:
kbd_mode 100% 7836 7.7KB/s 00:00
loadkeys.static 100% 598KB 598.2KB/s 00:00
kill 100% 11KB 11.0KB/s 00:00
uname 100% 20KB 19.6KB/s 00:00
chmod 100% 38KB 37.9KB/s 00:00
su 100% 24KB 23.7KB/s 00:00
nisdomainname 100% 12KB 11.9KB/s 00:00
file4 100% 354KB 353.6KB/s 00:01
mkdir 100% 29KB 29.3KB/s 00:00
grep 100% 83KB 83.1KB/s 00:00
alsacard 100% 6376 6.2KB/s 00:00
file3 100% 354KB 353.6KB/s 00:00
pwd 100% 23KB 23.1KB/s 00:00
alsaunmute 100% 18KB 18.3KB/s 00:00
csh 100% 339KB 338.6KB/s 00:00
stty 100% 46KB 45.9KB/s 00:00
rm 100% 45KB 45.4KB/s 00:00
file1 100% 354KB 353.6KB/s 00:00
gzip 100% 62KB 61.8KB/s 00:00
domainname 100% 12KB 11.9KB/s 00:00
unicode_stop 100% 79 0.1KB/s 00:00
more 100% 31KB 31.4KB/s 00:00
unicode_start 100% 1271 1.2KB/s 00:00
netstat 100% 118KB 118.5KB/s 00:00
touch 100% 41KB 41.3KB/s 00:00
dumpkeys 100% 57KB 57.4KB/s 00:00
logger 100% 10KB 10.3KB/s 00:00
ls 100% 93KB 92.9KB/s 00:00
awk 100% 313KB 313.3KB/s 00:01
dbus-cleanup-sockets 100% 9624 9.4KB/s 00:00
rvi 100% 581KB 580.8KB/s 00:00
rmdir 100% 19KB 18.5KB/s 00:00
date 100% 53KB 53.4KB/s 00:00
mktemp 100% 9228 9.0KB/s 00:00
tcsh 100% 339KB 338.6KB/s 00:00
login 100% 25KB 25.2KB/s 00:00
raw 100% 8108 7.9KB/s 00:00
false 100% 17KB 16.7KB/s 00:00
loadkeys 100% 78KB 77.6KB/s 00:00
testfile1 100% 2461 2.4KB/s 00:00
setserial 100% 20KB 20.2KB/s 00:00
gawk 100% 313KB 313.3KB/s 00:00
echo 100% 19KB 19.4KB/s 00:00
dbus-monitor 100% 13KB 12.8KB/s 00:00
traceroute6 100% 36KB 36.4KB/s 00:00
gunzip 100% 62KB 61.8KB/s 00:00
rview 100% 581KB 580.8KB/s 00:00
ping 100% 35KB 35.0KB/s 00:00
tracert 100% 36KB 36.4KB/s 00:00
cp 100% 70KB 69.9KB/s 00:00
file5 100% 354KB 353.6KB/s 00:00
cpio 100% 105KB 105.4KB/s 00:00
env 100% 18KB 18.0KB/s 00:00
dbus-daemon 100% 318KB 318.4KB/s 00:00
sleep 100% 19KB 19.2KB/s 00:00
dnsdomainname 100% 12KB 11.9KB/s 00:00
mountpoint 100% 7196 7.0KB/s 00:00
arch 100% 5088 5.0KB/s 00:00
mailx 100% 81KB 81.1KB/s 00:00
cat 100% 23KB 22.7KB/s 00:00
tracepath 100% 9988 9.8KB/s 00:00
dmesg 100% 6772 6.6KB/s 00:00
dd 100% 47KB 46.5KB/s 00:00
gtar 100% 224KB 224.3KB/s 00:00
sort 100% 56KB 56.0KB/s 00:00
ex 100% 581KB 580.8KB/s 00:00
ksh 100% 1253KB 1.2MB/s 00:00
sed 100% 51KB 50.6KB/s 00:00
echo.start 100% 5 0.0KB/s 00:00
view 100% 581KB 580.8KB/s 00:00
usleep 100% 26KB 26.2KB/s 00:00
ipcalc 100% 32KB 32.3KB/s 00:00
tracepath6 100% 9996 9.8KB/s 00:00
link 100% 18KB 17.9KB/s 00:00
df 100% 44KB 43.7KB/s 00:00
taskset 100% 10KB 10.1KB/s 00:00
igawk 100% 3089 3.0KB/s 00:00
doexec 100% 4796 4.7KB/s 00:00
chown 100% 43KB 43.3KB/s 00:00
tcptraceroute 100% 36KB 36.4KB/s 00:00
mount 100% 58KB 58.1KB/s 00:00
zcat 100% 62KB 61.8KB/s 00:00
ed 100% 43KB 42.7KB/s 00:00
ping6 100% 31KB 30.5KB/s 00:00
cut 100% 34KB 33.7KB/s 00:00
hostname 100% 12KB 11.9KB/s 00:00
ln 100% 29KB 29.4KB/s 00:00
mail 100% 81KB 81.1KB/s 00:00
chgrp 100% 41KB 41.1KB/s 00:00
ps 100% 77KB 77.3KB/s 00:00
ksh93 100% 1253KB 1.2MB/s 00:00
sync 100% 17KB 17.2KB/s 00:01
.mem2.c.swp 100% 12KB 12.0KB/s 00:00
rpm 100% 88KB 87.6KB/s 00:00
dbus-uuidgen 100% 7184 7.0KB/s 00:00
egrep 100% 83KB 83.1KB/s 00:00
unlink 100% 18KB 17.7KB/s 00:00
sh 100% 719KB 719.1KB/s 00:00
umount 100% 40KB 39.7KB/s 00:00
setfont 100% 35KB 35.4KB/s 00:00
pgawk 100% 314KB 314.1KB/s 00:00
mv 100% 80KB 80.3KB/s 00:00
red 100% 43KB 42.7KB/s 00:00
dbus-send 100% 16KB 16.4KB/s 00:00
ypdomainname 100% 12KB 11.9KB/s 00:00
tar 100% 224KB 224.3KB/s 00:00
gettext 100% 26KB 26.3KB/s 00:00
file2 100% 354KB 353.6KB/s 00:00
traceroute 100% 36KB 36.4KB/s 00:00
vi 100% 581KB 580.8KB/s 00:00
true 100% 17KB 16.7KB/s 00:00
nice 100% 20KB 20.5KB/s 00:00
keyctl 100% 23KB 23.3KB/s 00:00
bash 100% 719KB 719.1KB/s 00:00
fgrep 100% 83KB 83.1KB/s 00:00
basename 100% 18KB 18.2KB/s 00:00
redhat_lsb_init 100% 576 0.6KB/s 00:00
mknod 100% 25KB 24.5KB/s 00:00
[EX1] sftp 명령어 실습
(on linux252)
$ pwd
$ pwd
$ cp /etc/services file1
$ cp file1 file2
$ cp file1 file3
$ cp file1 file2
$ cp file1 file3
(on linux220)
# cd /test
# rm -rf /test/*
# sftp fedora@172.16.9.252:/home/fedora/*
# pwd
# ls
# rm -rf /test/*
# cp /etc/passwd linux2XX
# cp /etc/services linuxfile2XX
# cp /etc/passwd linux2XX
# cp /etc/services linuxfile2XX
# sftp fedora@172.16.9.252
# ls /root
-> linux* 파일 존재
-> linux* 파일 존재
원격접속 명령어(ssh 명령어)
(ssh 명령어 형식)
# ssh 172.16.9.252
# ssh root@172.16.9.252
# ssh fedora@172.16.9.252
# ssh root@172.16.9.252
# ssh fedora@172.16.9.252
# ssh 172.16.9.252 CMD
# ssh 172.16.9.252 hostname
# ssh 172.16.9.252 ls /tmp
# ssh 172.16.9.252 ls /test
# ssh 172.16.9.252 hostname
# ssh 172.16.9.252 ls /tmp
# ssh 172.16.9.252 ls /test
[EX1] telnet/ssh 명령어 실습
[root@linux220 ~]# telnet 172.16.9.252
Trying 172.16.9.252...
Connected to 172.16.9.252 (172.16.9.252).
Escape character is '^]'.
Trying 172.16.9.252...
Connected to 172.16.9.252 (172.16.9.252).
Escape character is '^]'.
linux252.example.com (Linux release 2.6.18-409.el5.centos.plusPAE #1 SMP Tue Mar 15 18:56:56 EDT 2016) (12)
login: root
Password:
Last login: Wed Apr 20 20:54:31 from 172.16.6.204
You have mail.
[linux252@~]# hostname
linux252.example.com
[linux252@~]# id
uid=0(root) gid=0(root) groups=0(root),1(bin),2(daemon),3(sys),4(adm),6(disk),10(wheel)
[linux252@~]# exit
logout
Connection closed by foreign host.
[root@linux220 ~]# cd ~/.ssh
[root@linux220 ~/.ssh]# ls
known_hosts
[root@linux220 ~/.ssh]# cat known_hosts
172.16.9.252 ssh-rsa AAAAB3NzaC1yc2EAAAABIwAAAQEA1Wu5Y1I5yS4xHNxvHOyzwyh0qKc1AOdeloAUCbyDu0Xia+gGpdncN1US+s/95jCCSF+oW5psmTohI6N0gG978UJLen0YXi22Uibz8fr7Glx3B3I+gB7VaKd+T5PFs/K8eAgxHBIPF7wnWMi0BxNvG1wCySAbXErJNKSNgjGFzNcHDsEEZ03FuB7vP3PaIwY33k1uMtl6d5eBaxtLOvMFIPJt5awRb/jOOBjqC7f5MQhFL+reLV1tT6yoxK3NmwgkIScqctyQXVng0EIEP9LNYA08QXt+BJCgEbzrvTQ219gKIai4pTRJ9Gq2JoW6TIca0Q2SlmocyR1VdzBlCvCVVw==
[root@linux220 ~/.ssh]# > known_hosts //키를 지운다
[root@linux220 ~/.ssh]# ssh 172.16.9.252
The authenticity of host '172.16.9.252 (172.16.9.252)' can't be established.
RSA key fingerprint is e2:f0:f8:a2:47:3b:b4:7c:ae:65:38:0e:31:bf:1f:84.
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes //키를 새로 받는다
Warning: Permanently added '172.16.9.252' (RSA) to the list of known hosts.
root@172.16.9.252's password:
Last login: Wed Apr 20 20:55:41 2016 from linux252.example.com
[linux252@~]# hostname
linux252.example.com
[linux252@~]# id
uid=0(root) gid=0(root) groups=0(root),1(bin),2(daemon),3(sys),4(adm),6(disk),10(wheel)
[linux252@~]# exit
logout
Connection to 172.16.9.252 closed.
Password:
Last login: Wed Apr 20 20:54:31 from 172.16.6.204
You have mail.
[linux252@~]# hostname
linux252.example.com
[linux252@~]# id
uid=0(root) gid=0(root) groups=0(root),1(bin),2(daemon),3(sys),4(adm),6(disk),10(wheel)
[linux252@~]# exit
logout
Connection closed by foreign host.
[root@linux220 ~]# cd ~/.ssh
[root@linux220 ~/.ssh]# ls
known_hosts
[root@linux220 ~/.ssh]# cat known_hosts
172.16.9.252 ssh-rsa AAAAB3NzaC1yc2EAAAABIwAAAQEA1Wu5Y1I5yS4xHNxvHOyzwyh0qKc1AOdeloAUCbyDu0Xia+gGpdncN1US+s/95jCCSF+oW5psmTohI6N0gG978UJLen0YXi22Uibz8fr7Glx3B3I+gB7VaKd+T5PFs/K8eAgxHBIPF7wnWMi0BxNvG1wCySAbXErJNKSNgjGFzNcHDsEEZ03FuB7vP3PaIwY33k1uMtl6d5eBaxtLOvMFIPJt5awRb/jOOBjqC7f5MQhFL+reLV1tT6yoxK3NmwgkIScqctyQXVng0EIEP9LNYA08QXt+BJCgEbzrvTQ219gKIai4pTRJ9Gq2JoW6TIca0Q2SlmocyR1VdzBlCvCVVw==
[root@linux220 ~/.ssh]# > known_hosts //키를 지운다
[root@linux220 ~/.ssh]# ssh 172.16.9.252
The authenticity of host '172.16.9.252 (172.16.9.252)' can't be established.
RSA key fingerprint is e2:f0:f8:a2:47:3b:b4:7c:ae:65:38:0e:31:bf:1f:84.
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes //키를 새로 받는다
Warning: Permanently added '172.16.9.252' (RSA) to the list of known hosts.
root@172.16.9.252's password:
Last login: Wed Apr 20 20:55:41 2016 from linux252.example.com
[linux252@~]# hostname
linux252.example.com
[linux252@~]# id
uid=0(root) gid=0(root) groups=0(root),1(bin),2(daemon),3(sys),4(adm),6(disk),10(wheel)
[linux252@~]# exit
logout
Connection to 172.16.9.252 closed.
[EX2] ssh/scp 명령어를 통한 파일 전송
[root@linux220 ~]# a
[root@linux220 /test]# cp /bin/* /test
[root@linux220 /test]# ls
alsacard dbus-daemon false link netstat sed traceroute
alsaunmute dbus-monitor fgrep ln nice setfont traceroute6
arch dbus-send gawk loadkeys nisdomainname setserial tracert
awk dbus-uuidgen gettext loadkeys.static pgawk sh true
basename dd grep logger ping sleep umount
bash df gtar login ping6 sort uname
cat dmesg gunzip ls ps stty unicode_start
chgrp dnsdomainname gzip mail pwd su unicode_stop
chmod doexec hostname mailx raw sync unlink
chown domainname igawk mkdir red tar usleep
cp dumpkeys ipcalc mknod redhat_lsb_init taskset vi
cpio echo kbd_mode mktemp rm tcptraceroute view
csh ed keyctl more rmdir tcsh ypdomainname
cut egrep kill mount rpm touch zcat
date env ksh mountpoint rvi tracepath
dbus-cleanup-sockets ex ksh93 mv rview tracepath6
[root@linux220 /test]# mkdir -p /backup
[root@linux220 /test]# tar cvzf /backup/linux220.tar.gz /test
tar: Removing leading `/' from member names
/test/
/test/umount
/test/unicode_start
/test/echo
/test/tracert
/test/chmod
/test/stty
/test/ps
/test/doexec
/test/mkdir
/test/sed
/test/kill
/test/mountpoint
/test/mount
/test/gettext
/test/mktemp
/test/vi
/test/alsacard
/test/raw
/test/hostname
/test/dmesg
/test/ls
/test/pgawk
/test/gunzip
/test/ping
/test/ed
/test/mv
/test/uname
/test/gtar
/test/ipcalc
/test/gzip
/test/awk
/test/netstat
/test/bash
/test/rview
/test/chown
/test/domainname
/test/nisdomainname
/test/tracepath
/test/keyctl
/test/false
/test/login
/test/dbus-uuidgen
/test/setfont
/test/gawk
/test/tcsh
/test/kbd_mode
/test/date
/test/dbus-send
/test/dnsdomainname
/test/usleep
/test/pwd
/test/ksh
/test/grep
/test/touch
/test/dumpkeys
/test/ypdomainname
/test/nice
/test/basename
/test/sh
/test/mail
/test/redhat_lsb_init
/test/loadkeys
/test/cat
/test/mailx
/test/sync
/test/cpio
/test/unicode_stop
/test/view
/test/ping6
/test/rvi
/test/env
/test/ex
/test/ksh93
/test/sleep
/test/df
/test/loadkeys.static
/test/link
/test/dbus-monitor
/test/alsaunmute
/test/rm
/test/csh
/test/red
/test/setserial
/test/sort
/test/egrep
/test/tar
/test/more
/test/unlink
/test/dbus-cleanup-sockets
/test/tracepath6
/test/chgrp
/test/taskset
/test/arch
/test/rpm
/test/rmdir
/test/ln
/test/su
/test/dbus-daemon
/test/traceroute6
/test/dd
/test/cp
/test/true
/test/igawk
/test/tcptraceroute
/test/cut
/test/logger
/test/zcat
/test/fgrep
/test/mknod
/test/traceroute
[root@linux220 /test]# scp /backup/linux220.tar.gz 172.16.9.252:/backup
root@172.16.9.252's password:
linux220.tar.gz 100% 6129KB 6.0MB/s 00:00
[root@linux220 /test]# ssh 172.16.9.252 ls /backup
root@172.16.9.252's password:
linux200.tar.gz
linux208.tar.gz
linux212.tar.gz
linux213.tar.gz
linux216.tar.gz
linux217.tar.gz
linux220.tar.gz
linux221.tar.gz
linux226.tar.gz
linux2XX.tar.gz
[root@linux220 /test]# cp /bin/* /test
[root@linux220 /test]# ls
alsacard dbus-daemon false link netstat sed traceroute
alsaunmute dbus-monitor fgrep ln nice setfont traceroute6
arch dbus-send gawk loadkeys nisdomainname setserial tracert
awk dbus-uuidgen gettext loadkeys.static pgawk sh true
basename dd grep logger ping sleep umount
bash df gtar login ping6 sort uname
cat dmesg gunzip ls ps stty unicode_start
chgrp dnsdomainname gzip mail pwd su unicode_stop
chmod doexec hostname mailx raw sync unlink
chown domainname igawk mkdir red tar usleep
cp dumpkeys ipcalc mknod redhat_lsb_init taskset vi
cpio echo kbd_mode mktemp rm tcptraceroute view
csh ed keyctl more rmdir tcsh ypdomainname
cut egrep kill mount rpm touch zcat
date env ksh mountpoint rvi tracepath
dbus-cleanup-sockets ex ksh93 mv rview tracepath6
[root@linux220 /test]# mkdir -p /backup
[root@linux220 /test]# tar cvzf /backup/linux220.tar.gz /test
tar: Removing leading `/' from member names
/test/
/test/umount
/test/unicode_start
/test/echo
/test/tracert
/test/chmod
/test/stty
/test/ps
/test/doexec
/test/mkdir
/test/sed
/test/kill
/test/mountpoint
/test/mount
/test/gettext
/test/mktemp
/test/vi
/test/alsacard
/test/raw
/test/hostname
/test/dmesg
/test/ls
/test/pgawk
/test/gunzip
/test/ping
/test/ed
/test/mv
/test/uname
/test/gtar
/test/ipcalc
/test/gzip
/test/awk
/test/netstat
/test/bash
/test/rview
/test/chown
/test/domainname
/test/nisdomainname
/test/tracepath
/test/keyctl
/test/false
/test/login
/test/dbus-uuidgen
/test/setfont
/test/gawk
/test/tcsh
/test/kbd_mode
/test/date
/test/dbus-send
/test/dnsdomainname
/test/usleep
/test/pwd
/test/ksh
/test/grep
/test/touch
/test/dumpkeys
/test/ypdomainname
/test/nice
/test/basename
/test/sh
/test/mail
/test/redhat_lsb_init
/test/loadkeys
/test/cat
/test/mailx
/test/sync
/test/cpio
/test/unicode_stop
/test/view
/test/ping6
/test/rvi
/test/env
/test/ex
/test/ksh93
/test/sleep
/test/df
/test/loadkeys.static
/test/link
/test/dbus-monitor
/test/alsaunmute
/test/rm
/test/csh
/test/red
/test/setserial
/test/sort
/test/egrep
/test/tar
/test/more
/test/unlink
/test/dbus-cleanup-sockets
/test/tracepath6
/test/chgrp
/test/taskset
/test/arch
/test/rpm
/test/rmdir
/test/ln
/test/su
/test/dbus-daemon
/test/traceroute6
/test/dd
/test/cp
/test/true
/test/igawk
/test/tcptraceroute
/test/cut
/test/logger
/test/zcat
/test/fgrep
/test/mknod
/test/traceroute
[root@linux220 /test]# scp /backup/linux220.tar.gz 172.16.9.252:/backup
root@172.16.9.252's password:
linux220.tar.gz 100% 6129KB 6.0MB/s 00:00
[root@linux220 /test]# ssh 172.16.9.252 ls /backup
root@172.16.9.252's password:
linux200.tar.gz
linux208.tar.gz
linux212.tar.gz
linux213.tar.gz
linux216.tar.gz
linux217.tar.gz
linux220.tar.gz
linux221.tar.gz
linux226.tar.gz
linux2XX.tar.gz
[EX3] 로컬 && 원격 파일/디렉토리 비교
[root@linux220 /test]# cat /etc/hosts
# Do not remove the following line, or various programs
# that require network functionality will fail.
127.0.0.1 localhost.localdomain localhost
::1 localhost6.localdomain6 localhost6
172.16.6.220 linux220.example.com linux220
[root@linux220 /test]# ssh 172.16.9.252 cat /etc/hosts
root@172.16.9.252's password:
# Do not remove the following line, or various programs
# that require network functionality will fail.
127.0.0.1 localhost.localdomain localhost
::1 localhost6.localdomain6 localhost6
172.16.9.252 linux252.example.com linux252
# Do not remove the following line, or various programs
# that require network functionality will fail.
127.0.0.1 localhost.localdomain localhost
::1 localhost6.localdomain6 localhost6
172.16.6.220 linux220.example.com linux220
[root@linux220 /test]# ssh 172.16.9.252 cat /etc/hosts
root@172.16.9.252's password:
# Do not remove the following line, or various programs
# that require network functionality will fail.
127.0.0.1 localhost.localdomain localhost
::1 localhost6.localdomain6 localhost6
172.16.9.252 linux252.example.com linux252
#
# Test OS
#
#172.16.9.50 linux50.example.com linux50
# Test OS
#
#172.16.9.50 linux50.example.com linux50
#
# (1) Server Hosting List
#
#172.16.9.200 linux200.example.com linux200
#172.16.9.201 linux201.example.com linux201
#172.16.9.202 linux202.example.com linux202
#172.16.9.203 linux203.example.com linux203
#172.16.9.204 linux204.example.com linux204
#172.16.9.205 linux205.example.com linux205
#172.16.9.206 linux206.example.com linux206
#172.16.9.207 linux207.example.com linux207
#172.16.9.208 linux208.example.com linux208
#172.16.9.209 linux209.example.com linux209
#172.16.9.210 linux210.example.com linux210
#172.16.9.211 linux211.example.com linux211
#172.16.9.212 linux212.example.com linux212
#172.16.9.213 linux213.example.com linux213
#172.16.9.214 linux214.example.com linux214
#172.16.9.215 linux215.example.com linux215
#172.16.9.216 linux216.example.com linux216
#172.16.9.217 linux217.example.com linux217
#172.16.9.218 linux218.example.com linux218
#172.16.9.219 linux219.example.com linux219
#172.16.9.220 linux220.example.com linux220
#172.16.9.221 linux221.example.com linux221
#172.16.9.222 linux222.example.com linux222
#172.16.9.223 linux223.example.com linux223
#172.16.9.224 linux224.example.com linux224
#172.16.9.225 linux225.example.com linux225
#172.16.9.226 linux226.example.com linux226
#172.16.9.227 linux227.example.com linux227
#172.16.9.228 linux228.example.com linux228
#172.16.9.229 linux229.example.com linux229
#172.16.9.230 linux230.example.com linux230
#172.16.1.200 linux200.example.com linux200
# (1) Server Hosting List
#
#172.16.9.200 linux200.example.com linux200
#172.16.9.201 linux201.example.com linux201
#172.16.9.202 linux202.example.com linux202
#172.16.9.203 linux203.example.com linux203
#172.16.9.204 linux204.example.com linux204
#172.16.9.205 linux205.example.com linux205
#172.16.9.206 linux206.example.com linux206
#172.16.9.207 linux207.example.com linux207
#172.16.9.208 linux208.example.com linux208
#172.16.9.209 linux209.example.com linux209
#172.16.9.210 linux210.example.com linux210
#172.16.9.211 linux211.example.com linux211
#172.16.9.212 linux212.example.com linux212
#172.16.9.213 linux213.example.com linux213
#172.16.9.214 linux214.example.com linux214
#172.16.9.215 linux215.example.com linux215
#172.16.9.216 linux216.example.com linux216
#172.16.9.217 linux217.example.com linux217
#172.16.9.218 linux218.example.com linux218
#172.16.9.219 linux219.example.com linux219
#172.16.9.220 linux220.example.com linux220
#172.16.9.221 linux221.example.com linux221
#172.16.9.222 linux222.example.com linux222
#172.16.9.223 linux223.example.com linux223
#172.16.9.224 linux224.example.com linux224
#172.16.9.225 linux225.example.com linux225
#172.16.9.226 linux226.example.com linux226
#172.16.9.227 linux227.example.com linux227
#172.16.9.228 linux228.example.com linux228
#172.16.9.229 linux229.example.com linux229
#172.16.9.230 linux230.example.com linux230
#172.16.1.200 linux200.example.com linux200
#
# (2) Working Host
#
172.16.9.249 linux249.example.com linux249
# (2) Working Host
#
172.16.9.249 linux249.example.com linux249
#
# (3) NFS Test
#
#172.16.9.239 ibmaix239 ibmaix239.example.com
#172.16.9.249 solaris249 solaris249.example.com
# (3) NFS Test
#
#172.16.9.239 ibmaix239 ibmaix239.example.com
#172.16.9.249 solaris249 solaris249.example.com
[root@linux220 /test]# ls /test
file1 file2 file3
[root@linux220 /test]# ssh 172.16.9.252 ls /test
root@172.16.9.252's password:
alsacard
alsaunmute
arch
awk
basename
bash
cat
chgrp
chmod
chown
cp
cpio
csh
cut
date
dbus-cleanup-sockets
dbus-daemon
dbus-monitor
dbus-send
dbus-uuidgen
dd
df
dmesg
dnsdomainname
doexec
domainname
dumpkeys
echo
ed
egrep
env
ex
false
fgrep
gawk
gettext
grep
gtar
gunzip
gzip
hostname
igawk
ipcalc
kbd_mode
keyctl
kill
ksh
ksh93
link
linux208.tar.gz
ln
loadkeys
loadkeys.static
logger
login
ls
mailx
mkdir
mknod
mktemp
more
mount
mountpoint
mv
netstat
nice
nisdomainname
pgawk
ping
ping6
ps
pwd
raw
red
redhat_lsb_init
rm
rmdir
rpm
rvi
rview
sed
setfont
setserial
sh
sleep
sort
stty
su
sync
tar
taskset
tcptraceroute
tcsh
touch
tracepath
tracepath6
traceroute
traceroute6
tracert
true
umount
uname
unicode_start
unicode_stop
unlink
usleep
vi
view
ypdomainname
zcat
(실무 예) 암호입력없이 ssh/scp CMD 명령어 수행하기
=====서버A===== =====서버B=====
# ssh-keygen CMD
id_rsa
id_rsa.pub ----------> ~/.ssh/authorized_keys
# ssh-keygen CMD
id_rsa
id_rsa.pub ----------> ~/.ssh/authorized_keys
(on linux220)
[root@linux220 ~]# cd ~/.ssh
[root@linux220 ~/.ssh]# ls
known_hosts
[root@linux220 ~/.ssh]# ssh-keygen -t rsa (# ssh-keygen -t dsa)
Generating public/private rsa key pair.
Enter file in which to save the key (/root/.ssh/id_rsa):
Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase):
Enter same passphrase again:
Your identification has been saved in /root/.ssh/id_rsa.
Your public key has been saved in /root/.ssh/id_rsa.pub.
The key fingerprint is:
8e:c5:ec:a0:c1:31:96:af:c0:be:c7:a7:3b:9a:15:66 root@linux220.example.com
[root@linux220 ~/.ssh]# ls
id_rsa id_rsa.pub known_hosts
[root@linux220 ~/.ssh]# scp id_rsa.pub 172.16.9.252:/root/.ssh/authorized_keys.linux220
root@172.16.9.252's password:
id_rsa.pub 100% 407 0.4KB/s 00:00
(on linux252)
# cd ~/.ssh
# cat authorized_keys.* > authorized_keys
# cat authorized_keys
(on linux220)
[root@linux220 ~/.ssh]# ssh 172.16.9.252 cat /root/.ssh/authorized_keys
ssh-rsa AAAAB3NzaC1yc2EAAAABIwAAAQEAsshx8jUPsyrDVHm4pYsi/SNzaEf0/I40IPIOInsgagk4nCJZpXKrtDN3dj1/3u16jKGMbmhK4v4V0axnVKXRtKDeySioJjMFwfP+M9dNdzOQpfhFkF5iC7FELq3SPWFak8/caEFB98Xb8J4WTrbUzuKvZH4ndYdcBiKTtyCpof5lK/+QwT/Wujb42LO2QjkhTKEyf1I6qxaSJNQhdMAKf33YvpE3P6UGRjjQVW1vQvsRlMqc6X8IdRtWlksW8IwejPdbkoCcIA/JDyGus/7eS4qTKENVfhU5lqb7Veqet7Yt4Ip9yykWFY4g3qnUTl0RADVrN65N9J9d5uhPnMYg4Q== root@linux200.example.com
ssh-rsa AAAAB3NzaC1yc2EAAAABIwAAAQEAmTf9xcvvwxJ0jAN/RyBcs2FbtWFfwaUv2D+fmkjDY6fFzdzurXi6AKHq7X+5mZ0ZI6+U3jVdzZ/VEPYGoTrdDptf4qAdSYkOWIjpFadEZX9JU9izuTj8lIIEWG/K/gce1mNKTftrPekgUyZrPnzBszG4fleWp8fADyZnwjZY2klulVaVmzzBYNxYBROZKnscYPRhKj8hvdov9TKktrk6oSUQzXfKZdiUB2tUTzmKAQjpwP1ik+bESqF4sJWyABQQWpx3vZnTBMew64xq6amUrUAh/hlKfwAVg3aFyreSqBsWm+E4jIMQ605E5+bPjmBOmzdOBj1nWtSPYymP5VIP+Q== root@linux200.example.com
ssh-rsa AAAAB3NzaC1yc2EAAAABIwAAAQEA2qcaUAEtoDg7Rql3yS+WWsvMkxIcMuqO7gRyCklbPTldIYHUNwyt6vVpMMpR1zOj8mdJOnTCKOklMyLigdPR50u77j8NCZYxFNLb5KTkG+BZuHyIq3MTFenjFqDd4TxrTw67zklDgAfqdrbf0OHC14aJv0r8I+YiCTC5xTQ6ZYAw3OtMsIfzsSNCP5HCjN8TrMlp3d83bOOilkYncGxhrRBptGIkf4OQyw6tOXCQIMjkqetYZ+47c0aTii6haIhyZYpv0toQVUGM9Qlw699/CRE3vRRNkwI1VuZuRynHkQerdvlKsKOlANLL+t4hfGg5ROt9zxA56/Wf6aPi7btA+Q== root@linux203.example.com
ssh-rsa AAAAB3NzaC1yc2EAAAABIwAAAQEA2fMfcq/BS5DmLJi6WD+Q3lJtzeBVyBEJ84EC7yJ475tg0UveSpXLP+uRdSzV9skH08XtJZaqLOw8PBGF1WdeuI1n1hQYvQActMUG3X8774S0SxOznQAVzfVGivIZboNmSFV6HWGQ46YpJyNLMMpv0nDYjQm7URyQwhfZQvvX6ujFUol1pywgPZxUGVWLhZJ+6Mper4VFDNQqi3qVidLBgPZidGHXPlN6djUVL6bY9deHn2yjdQKreFBlSYrqOnu0JylXNolQxXtAUYNNCdYq0Bg528UdRkNDue0iZvErvAmdldozSHVY3BcXKxBzmFjXDEPdWSYc5ZXffEYMmpUQCw== root@linux204.example.com
ssh-rsa AAAAB3NzaC1yc2EAAAABIwAAAQEAzCDcE5EixFwf00i3MvLzs6haTJN/b47IRqR58lpiFOxwejEOBl7GPXmdQfFDeLDgORannoXwOotbyc3YDOAhIgYQqcmgf5VifroyjmMnoavYOO7Cdomi+O3iJzfVn6oCz+rCNwpUUlTxbBPPz7gCNARlpy7Fn4DCEwoespPNcS32pPOnFHC6Bym2jbxuqcxqgNBQE7AEUcg0ZTKgEIPBw4WE2dtEy1YNoH0KrN2fnlD6YHrKQC9LZ8m55GVRbok4Ypt+8mKmKCkCFiA5kQZqzfFhdMBrBrPLhEQLedq8m9OfUF+iv1buwnIjmjeIlNwiGC91TYdDHXxjgq1n2NPlKQ== root@linux208.example.com
ssh-rsa AAAAB3NzaC1yc2EAAAABIwAAAQEAyMk7JRJZ9kovvRZJW38O4PIB4iiNaM6cnUVqFTmhTEMcRYgHFrhje8cZMSVT0JWbRLHX2QOfX+rqzWFRrXsJhVfM9Hvwdqf8PimvKcorYOLiej9OHCHEPgd+Ni3I4XVxKQPIfgU3or3M4DwAKPEexANwrng4xvuwhZdi7qDF/h8vAbQ8fQQ2IVt3KAqvka33YG0gq4yE3LfgAkf7SuZQTV2ss0lqsQ52KOBVBCk0r8qbH3hz4Y1fpG5Wr2vgSfxxI3fekeIJW6QU2VMZammMuGdiMtNxNHdK3wbZZoRlqQStwx70swFhnN1oEqemZIUxSl8Og+d+bZDAtf6hHYk/nQ== root@linux209.example.com
ssh-rsa AAAAB3NzaC1yc2EAAAABIwAAAQEAugbVrCpvozt+PXVDNi6DPFbW9AcIDGSpfaj22oWawmuJOmIduINiODZzNC4dcWpFH9cH078VIVawtsxFDLW/640mVrMdNBBaENxpdx8vjY29Yc6rgXWXl6CleCWGKhfXT1k9mOQtsUBITD8hFblEhrsBc+TK3Odof42huxJz37n/cslbX8AXQL4dVZW2hg1mH20hQ6AF7yZBDavTJp+Ngf3eijhKS0Qewgxv8avZ/ahN04LBmoXaWNDeIbHb5337mZfuW5BZAGXezGBy+ffsX0XzdblG11XY5roMNYpMVIXkhSEIJ/AB/OYciwBpk7Cn6SFF7i5IJXf7kEyRADFTfQ== root@linux210.example.com
ssh-rsa AAAAB3NzaC1yc2EAAAABIwAAAQEAoLge+fBBQyteutiDVvd3ptF3A1DCGaBmYoIcZjiJbPwHCY9AUp1p0M/Vwsr19EsrsNQB0aEG9mwRjedeRrR0XwwPl8n9w50OVVkDCLvadwJ9UwFXJaE/DpDE4Ss+nBuByTVdCzuygCzA+pZjPumy1n5luvhhaC0el+mrhYs+Ep/ZqTIKHcjuxsA3rQIApUoMkVucipO3aUjH72KDzpLVR3F9bJZcHf39Vel8auYOfNxBsAgpj5bHCLFF3O4qcVfZlskiKw8LRavK/hO9iJ/dmvpfiFH/EfuZV8xiRRgxXwWcEk8mZWzcBKaETrTXrLs73sbzhmgVRUIHsAMzCBEZpw== root@linux211.example.com
ssh-rsa AAAAB3NzaC1yc2EAAAABIwAAAQEAqyaTXCY3F+D40Nl/unvYElTt+s3Dt9fAWCqztD9VqFbkeyY80zIBTh1PfgvUxTUtdY8sfWDul8XNrGXE7lSFoRHPE0J600sfNi3NhzXm+uL6ssuaFR+6TsIQBELnIu3+kB5aPL9Wzxe79e4cdd1/pFfwu8920YF+Eb8MTqlllaTGpImOjEQH4uXl2y1TAinEkDosSkFAh1WuIHSwRoCOsNPdYsEGIPE6O4leVyLzjXBAJGzmadRhDlTXO37LzkYVtPnA84pdVuI37u40V3o/xy3YNSAuJmsAfT/R2gWLAD+qI3mLVoMyvESvwrCNXjnRjYinB8jjhDBP+9a/NGFfgQ== root@linux212.example.com
ssh-rsa AAAAB3NzaC1yc2EAAAABIwAAAQEA1vY482Q5Q6UmfGc/Xcl+P9z/xVFXonW58k1dKdcgr9xCYmoAHTp+fQze7ElZNkXbbexCMO6agiYMFekY1NNNmOPPUvw5FS886X6mrYgoiGlaflUVRNYvQZKWxz330acUkHV1qeu/nswohfttBou2nFREkkXg2UQjb+gxpCrn/jiwcHMl/rjS/HToxELjWpKDF9VkUfHeC202CF9OI1YbmwU3S5rxsJCERguBaCOoDeUDuQDA/sOi/vDX6hqXEWNG8pxb8w0GMvEZ9zGDQlDL2mY6Pvm5Fox6DW9bcvu7XkjRhLUTOR5uWCLm+JQ3xzG18CQ0GGlzp39LdOEZ2Asi3Q== root@linux213.example.com
ssh-rsa AAAAB3NzaC1yc2EAAAABIwAAAQEApm0KxAiZWI18hEfPxcygUXrlhQPrcVKCLEslD2l4tlxDRdMIvHQgsKx8Z4CK5YPA+bD3Twp5bPTaz1AOk2/9yjVchT/c0A5vPl2i4gcC4W1Fq7ENlOKqFTgh1I3PxieOLWF/GFsnte58EnI3vj1JaV5RuMd3QgzV8VYsa5LClBp3ibAjC0X5r8a2h7Vmo2Mep+F/OZvWm7uVtqFQ4bYFmic6IazqTrAkhtuqmlOSxuDQzcMd899lbTelE1M84Wif1UvdOp1jxp/fAbtA5xdwOBxiP7bQlbLmGE80vS5UyjuMUhshjTU1ues45I9vV1ETUAOyzCGWVmN+47EuZUSaeQ== root@linux215.example.com
ssh-rsa AAAAB3NzaC1yc2EAAAABIwAAAQEAulcHALXahBFwyWW0AU+/3JiACpw3Evc3bzeq86sOH7ldUYEP60IOC3uWJcy1Q+JB9cAqKnKSXTRW379z1rtMdXC8womAo63xZEM73JVl7zwiyCaK3lR5EtbFOUagvag+lARLYzXLgTBp8QZ0IWYvtvBWTKWXGh/tZlpzXM9pol1gYhJ4N/i7QlJqA3LNeM8nC4fCenU21H5ZAwuhM//5l4D6FLLyFvsuhks8z34/s8V3IvYjGxSl5cZnlL9pbMFDlFFb8dQ5Y6ZIDVvvztzUss+1IxXT+kkQZP7nEKU+dkTukWu4hgdtp1N1qdf++JA6FYYXtU4nURlGuXa4HEA+aw== root@linux216.example.com
ssh-rsa AAAAB3NzaC1yc2EAAAABIwAAAQEAqEmsezj/jz/qF6Y6X60Y6VsPNAnaPv1AUrrYhyADLYjR4RufgS/O/t6EiEBf8asae7qwtWE1NMn+cAQFGIVzUyA2xkgQz+LMS9TQGjJLIVPQzY4C1UF6rd49TFCyt1lhO+uMpqLQ7MjpY0WZOtUO9aQOIEnOtKdSnoQP2ggMDs4UjI8CQmVVHfKD/qB3UphecO9D7RwHnvBpcQKs4LqquzeSRDlcBszsPDOh2AFbUTzNPyW5/UPCI7mErhxu9xnhXyBBeG6ZG4vVcnIyZ6EiILiTCwtfE0otyZT+Y8ynBT2idE5SNG18et1RQ/xjXpaXnKcH6nDIuZPT5Td+yHzzAw== root@linux217.example.com
ssh-rsa AAAAB3NzaC1yc2EAAAABIwAAAQEAln/JssvWvvN4YPWUf62H5WTevTl1GdpfYnFYig3UTKXPk+4LHI7OIPFL1cqZuAzoIQFr76rqJO2WXx9aA4crcS0FWodvK6DuMK9Id4MqIUKZKrHXTRVxVE+717qTLow7RkbOmCXYIQruEqJQH1zsKfS+iXqI3/rEoV17s7uZId3L/0L6k+axuRFi/2nb+O0+6oQAK7seQVXZ4M9oZYDzzFC+HhGf1Hk/IOnRNTjkrO3Oy6bXg+spDNzHvm0J6k4UJUuQsYEYYkzztJLxk1lTXU+3hGCGPOTC2kolptDv2vU7OVPpWgV0iGCrVOD8eG5R6msRXOsrPqk5hZ3HnyrlIw== root@linux218.example.com
ssh-rsa AAAAB3NzaC1yc2EAAAABIwAAAQEAxmkv76UB2EK2qDx02rtL9e8Y2sQp/vdr8A76OZCyUj5FWvI+qAyAwHoFUi8xJVflv0UVGLzaBRHeGVaPgdK5dlbUkftS/rWUSRCiBWY5vE56O+r1myJnwrR4MkA2e4W88P0thBArdACO4xyMu2hBy2nOQkxBjrpUn02/o+Yr2Za7KTYgLswQNY6Ov2tUQScZyAzizkTvjhx27mWKVdSaVd2k0CwLUWLbYCz215R/YBMbjbHYN82Drl8pDj33m21N6WS8H6t+87XwF/EE2cm0hGyzXRhF2iS3D6gwtYWtMRi+WQaSFWNYKxeOM1fGcF0wQ4UkXQkirW2ARbwwCjKwMw== root@linux219.example.com
ssh-rsa AAAAB3NzaC1yc2EAAAABIwAAAQEAr+XkmiZQv3r/z6hYgwcIWZNUWm27uRmBa+rLDQJFiFvhujXLw3TJG1XgRspB8yLKY53VVzikanlL+kvJGoYU1rDAomp8kk+dSzcOGAn3uSwJiCNjuGfPa3rlsQ4tH2JIn014qkxXeQWJ3ScMHUVGkLCsoH0EhFW1WsLJxCI4I52SAo13NUMUn7dd6z8v5Cw4TbHf0P89V16xSPO5TbvdagE8fxEHdiwWiCpVbsMGzMlh1E0fxcjAW6sX+hNhRdKhqm214UDFsFMbN6wHn9IUaONYPqyCEash1WTCemHp5QLAYei3i5YBBaLVahDTaIoC2ApBu3b3UoNJh940A1yZ6Q== root@linux220.example.com
ssh-rsa AAAAB3NzaC1yc2EAAAABIwAAAQEA26A+DPUo2A2h28/iuWD7Ia892d5jqnPNOdXxyde0UnVqQzWstH2aUonDZkbMDycCIMu3ZhfAzU6Fr1jLGcpnYSljGdVxyHAGi9cYqSf722uvTFkrT2lqYGnl3hqgUIYzNsnv09984Pptd63P4ffTTwacm38brB+IWueUbuJzMRVGDLKR6PA9AAfadN9/bRJ4rl4FeLj/eu9GKYqUxcBhrWpsA3gFIF6eti6WQzdyBYSHFCvcKOO64ZnoXFGG9yRpwH26VkVuukMxDdPuZB8mXDrtjhwvWQbw0mqqrApEqYz6E9s+GO9W4oAuHALiWNrhaHjDXpZ8gzm9UXlZhlhOHw== root@linux222.example.com
ssh-rsa AAAAB3NzaC1yc2EAAAABIwAAAQEAplJluWti16B68pwgxFeeks3vJD9nz+FFxBeqNSxKynZUpf+htGF42yN0HF3RoR3DofHUHGo41aTspPJh19+Xirdb1XqfudJg2hq2W4nH9QkU9/4SaRqG/QGEugjwWw3DpgVjeLzEoPs9vt5ajddazOYbcJ4TCIYWlOVeuYNlLrynSMh9llLcJLd3UXxzyEzUH6QuUYrqTlzOojrQ5z5W9KixZmgWOVAFZgBBy0xmc64KCDVepD+J80ibQx8dPIgdTfg5N4JoVSDCoKpg9Ig7FVc555j+PPDzo2Ig4dZVf6Fat8QK7Xauhh2TnBU5cKYAOfzmUBKgvvh69u9x1H3smw== root@linux224.example.com
ssh-rsa AAAAB3NzaC1yc2EAAAABIwAAAQEA0OvNGYTphqxqxoMoSKkVtVJSpt5V1xWnMVR0enOneLR58bQjmnamueSdoqFhQ+470Uh0yu9n44FaqXNH97jrJrXqaRqk+OvS/9eia4sChPwM+B9RaCzwO77MKjl7BJwglQslqd5EeWsf7AUGR2zastDybMJVIQokUuzDJYmVv/ZID3l/8P3A9YnDmVABwkoMIKL8B7snsF6qjokb3Hjc3nx9ngpS8qXMD4QLh9nFr5X8YWfSAfRKz3rY40V2xZqry593BsNY77Mx4OXmJMELyQ6DrohZe8EQdZCuiXAN2GUPPrIYhtJlpYORhrPJvjPOkgD1lBryeZe391jgZdWb6w== root@linux225.example.com
ssh-rsa AAAAB3NzaC1yc2EAAAABIwAAAQEAyir2TBIVp+AF6b9Mpm5Vob72Dkqsf6VAf7/yd+pGtYvTAFN2KSsKJ82LAYh/SMdsL+kKirQcHJ4EBz/LjA2VtASXcM1X5aCDblcbZpIvSWx1oaaX4o1xWInHBZ4O5R6zUIqJ/hing+sYKyhYIXdW80csG8ZNl6CZR1Rli7879hmFOdisU8ufikuVek+GNrq2dKfqlOb2+Nma9dgIaT3m0JFxaBK207kT3AAz77L9mNUNEUQY4XW1adpqj5M5OR4iPuxRn3zh71rpIXkvKdG+D/+1iEkBqpGB0kE9q/LOdjH0+kEx7C0Jam76r4xNhB8GHKdLaUljs2AfMQODyVQQjQ== root@linux227.example.com
ssh-rsa AAAAB3NzaC1yc2EAAAABIwAAAQEA0GdykYm8/tMy2rVTc7ELbXDEznbasK15j7RO9dupFfoY9xfmrDWfivLOgfeIJu5nMFVGjgWBuEtWih6SeWwfK9Tshw3VdQpCwkGkgpVRl/NHSci7I14mpd33WtxX0qbGpdwedi0JqyKmcGLJ+qcThZ+y1W01g/1mGDS3BSVXe4wklwzdJd4X/UKVu9SmCiijEJLwUaSdVSkAqG4/3Od0FUihke/Wn5jPIBN5GZsKESsZMMgbZUq/X1jdNzeXjNOAQpfMTjBQBm7OynW1xRMWh2RMrKw4bBdfsMly2WMm+RD5nVad6dN4BtmtpJWXk83qsAAgjIm8+X9md+lZYE14Gw== root@linux228.example.com
[root@linux220 ~/.ssh]# ssh 172.16.9.252 hostname
linux252.example.com
[root@linux220 ~/.ssh]# ssh 172.16.9.252 cat /etc/hosts
# Do not remove the following line, or various programs
# that require network functionality will fail.
127.0.0.1 localhost.localdomain localhost
::1 localhost6.localdomain6 localhost6
172.16.9.252 linux252.example.com linux252
[root@linux220 ~/.ssh]# ssh 172.16.9.252 cat /root/.ssh/authorized_keys
ssh-rsa AAAAB3NzaC1yc2EAAAABIwAAAQEAsshx8jUPsyrDVHm4pYsi/SNzaEf0/I40IPIOInsgagk4nCJZpXKrtDN3dj1/3u16jKGMbmhK4v4V0axnVKXRtKDeySioJjMFwfP+M9dNdzOQpfhFkF5iC7FELq3SPWFak8/caEFB98Xb8J4WTrbUzuKvZH4ndYdcBiKTtyCpof5lK/+QwT/Wujb42LO2QjkhTKEyf1I6qxaSJNQhdMAKf33YvpE3P6UGRjjQVW1vQvsRlMqc6X8IdRtWlksW8IwejPdbkoCcIA/JDyGus/7eS4qTKENVfhU5lqb7Veqet7Yt4Ip9yykWFY4g3qnUTl0RADVrN65N9J9d5uhPnMYg4Q== root@linux200.example.com
ssh-rsa AAAAB3NzaC1yc2EAAAABIwAAAQEAmTf9xcvvwxJ0jAN/RyBcs2FbtWFfwaUv2D+fmkjDY6fFzdzurXi6AKHq7X+5mZ0ZI6+U3jVdzZ/VEPYGoTrdDptf4qAdSYkOWIjpFadEZX9JU9izuTj8lIIEWG/K/gce1mNKTftrPekgUyZrPnzBszG4fleWp8fADyZnwjZY2klulVaVmzzBYNxYBROZKnscYPRhKj8hvdov9TKktrk6oSUQzXfKZdiUB2tUTzmKAQjpwP1ik+bESqF4sJWyABQQWpx3vZnTBMew64xq6amUrUAh/hlKfwAVg3aFyreSqBsWm+E4jIMQ605E5+bPjmBOmzdOBj1nWtSPYymP5VIP+Q== root@linux200.example.com
ssh-rsa AAAAB3NzaC1yc2EAAAABIwAAAQEA2qcaUAEtoDg7Rql3yS+WWsvMkxIcMuqO7gRyCklbPTldIYHUNwyt6vVpMMpR1zOj8mdJOnTCKOklMyLigdPR50u77j8NCZYxFNLb5KTkG+BZuHyIq3MTFenjFqDd4TxrTw67zklDgAfqdrbf0OHC14aJv0r8I+YiCTC5xTQ6ZYAw3OtMsIfzsSNCP5HCjN8TrMlp3d83bOOilkYncGxhrRBptGIkf4OQyw6tOXCQIMjkqetYZ+47c0aTii6haIhyZYpv0toQVUGM9Qlw699/CRE3vRRNkwI1VuZuRynHkQerdvlKsKOlANLL+t4hfGg5ROt9zxA56/Wf6aPi7btA+Q== root@linux203.example.com
ssh-rsa AAAAB3NzaC1yc2EAAAABIwAAAQEA2fMfcq/BS5DmLJi6WD+Q3lJtzeBVyBEJ84EC7yJ475tg0UveSpXLP+uRdSzV9skH08XtJZaqLOw8PBGF1WdeuI1n1hQYvQActMUG3X8774S0SxOznQAVzfVGivIZboNmSFV6HWGQ46YpJyNLMMpv0nDYjQm7URyQwhfZQvvX6ujFUol1pywgPZxUGVWLhZJ+6Mper4VFDNQqi3qVidLBgPZidGHXPlN6djUVL6bY9deHn2yjdQKreFBlSYrqOnu0JylXNolQxXtAUYNNCdYq0Bg528UdRkNDue0iZvErvAmdldozSHVY3BcXKxBzmFjXDEPdWSYc5ZXffEYMmpUQCw== root@linux204.example.com
ssh-rsa AAAAB3NzaC1yc2EAAAABIwAAAQEAzCDcE5EixFwf00i3MvLzs6haTJN/b47IRqR58lpiFOxwejEOBl7GPXmdQfFDeLDgORannoXwOotbyc3YDOAhIgYQqcmgf5VifroyjmMnoavYOO7Cdomi+O3iJzfVn6oCz+rCNwpUUlTxbBPPz7gCNARlpy7Fn4DCEwoespPNcS32pPOnFHC6Bym2jbxuqcxqgNBQE7AEUcg0ZTKgEIPBw4WE2dtEy1YNoH0KrN2fnlD6YHrKQC9LZ8m55GVRbok4Ypt+8mKmKCkCFiA5kQZqzfFhdMBrBrPLhEQLedq8m9OfUF+iv1buwnIjmjeIlNwiGC91TYdDHXxjgq1n2NPlKQ== root@linux208.example.com
ssh-rsa AAAAB3NzaC1yc2EAAAABIwAAAQEAyMk7JRJZ9kovvRZJW38O4PIB4iiNaM6cnUVqFTmhTEMcRYgHFrhje8cZMSVT0JWbRLHX2QOfX+rqzWFRrXsJhVfM9Hvwdqf8PimvKcorYOLiej9OHCHEPgd+Ni3I4XVxKQPIfgU3or3M4DwAKPEexANwrng4xvuwhZdi7qDF/h8vAbQ8fQQ2IVt3KAqvka33YG0gq4yE3LfgAkf7SuZQTV2ss0lqsQ52KOBVBCk0r8qbH3hz4Y1fpG5Wr2vgSfxxI3fekeIJW6QU2VMZammMuGdiMtNxNHdK3wbZZoRlqQStwx70swFhnN1oEqemZIUxSl8Og+d+bZDAtf6hHYk/nQ== root@linux209.example.com
ssh-rsa AAAAB3NzaC1yc2EAAAABIwAAAQEAugbVrCpvozt+PXVDNi6DPFbW9AcIDGSpfaj22oWawmuJOmIduINiODZzNC4dcWpFH9cH078VIVawtsxFDLW/640mVrMdNBBaENxpdx8vjY29Yc6rgXWXl6CleCWGKhfXT1k9mOQtsUBITD8hFblEhrsBc+TK3Odof42huxJz37n/cslbX8AXQL4dVZW2hg1mH20hQ6AF7yZBDavTJp+Ngf3eijhKS0Qewgxv8avZ/ahN04LBmoXaWNDeIbHb5337mZfuW5BZAGXezGBy+ffsX0XzdblG11XY5roMNYpMVIXkhSEIJ/AB/OYciwBpk7Cn6SFF7i5IJXf7kEyRADFTfQ== root@linux210.example.com
ssh-rsa AAAAB3NzaC1yc2EAAAABIwAAAQEAoLge+fBBQyteutiDVvd3ptF3A1DCGaBmYoIcZjiJbPwHCY9AUp1p0M/Vwsr19EsrsNQB0aEG9mwRjedeRrR0XwwPl8n9w50OVVkDCLvadwJ9UwFXJaE/DpDE4Ss+nBuByTVdCzuygCzA+pZjPumy1n5luvhhaC0el+mrhYs+Ep/ZqTIKHcjuxsA3rQIApUoMkVucipO3aUjH72KDzpLVR3F9bJZcHf39Vel8auYOfNxBsAgpj5bHCLFF3O4qcVfZlskiKw8LRavK/hO9iJ/dmvpfiFH/EfuZV8xiRRgxXwWcEk8mZWzcBKaETrTXrLs73sbzhmgVRUIHsAMzCBEZpw== root@linux211.example.com
ssh-rsa AAAAB3NzaC1yc2EAAAABIwAAAQEAqyaTXCY3F+D40Nl/unvYElTt+s3Dt9fAWCqztD9VqFbkeyY80zIBTh1PfgvUxTUtdY8sfWDul8XNrGXE7lSFoRHPE0J600sfNi3NhzXm+uL6ssuaFR+6TsIQBELnIu3+kB5aPL9Wzxe79e4cdd1/pFfwu8920YF+Eb8MTqlllaTGpImOjEQH4uXl2y1TAinEkDosSkFAh1WuIHSwRoCOsNPdYsEGIPE6O4leVyLzjXBAJGzmadRhDlTXO37LzkYVtPnA84pdVuI37u40V3o/xy3YNSAuJmsAfT/R2gWLAD+qI3mLVoMyvESvwrCNXjnRjYinB8jjhDBP+9a/NGFfgQ== root@linux212.example.com
ssh-rsa AAAAB3NzaC1yc2EAAAABIwAAAQEA1vY482Q5Q6UmfGc/Xcl+P9z/xVFXonW58k1dKdcgr9xCYmoAHTp+fQze7ElZNkXbbexCMO6agiYMFekY1NNNmOPPUvw5FS886X6mrYgoiGlaflUVRNYvQZKWxz330acUkHV1qeu/nswohfttBou2nFREkkXg2UQjb+gxpCrn/jiwcHMl/rjS/HToxELjWpKDF9VkUfHeC202CF9OI1YbmwU3S5rxsJCERguBaCOoDeUDuQDA/sOi/vDX6hqXEWNG8pxb8w0GMvEZ9zGDQlDL2mY6Pvm5Fox6DW9bcvu7XkjRhLUTOR5uWCLm+JQ3xzG18CQ0GGlzp39LdOEZ2Asi3Q== root@linux213.example.com
ssh-rsa AAAAB3NzaC1yc2EAAAABIwAAAQEApm0KxAiZWI18hEfPxcygUXrlhQPrcVKCLEslD2l4tlxDRdMIvHQgsKx8Z4CK5YPA+bD3Twp5bPTaz1AOk2/9yjVchT/c0A5vPl2i4gcC4W1Fq7ENlOKqFTgh1I3PxieOLWF/GFsnte58EnI3vj1JaV5RuMd3QgzV8VYsa5LClBp3ibAjC0X5r8a2h7Vmo2Mep+F/OZvWm7uVtqFQ4bYFmic6IazqTrAkhtuqmlOSxuDQzcMd899lbTelE1M84Wif1UvdOp1jxp/fAbtA5xdwOBxiP7bQlbLmGE80vS5UyjuMUhshjTU1ues45I9vV1ETUAOyzCGWVmN+47EuZUSaeQ== root@linux215.example.com
ssh-rsa AAAAB3NzaC1yc2EAAAABIwAAAQEAulcHALXahBFwyWW0AU+/3JiACpw3Evc3bzeq86sOH7ldUYEP60IOC3uWJcy1Q+JB9cAqKnKSXTRW379z1rtMdXC8womAo63xZEM73JVl7zwiyCaK3lR5EtbFOUagvag+lARLYzXLgTBp8QZ0IWYvtvBWTKWXGh/tZlpzXM9pol1gYhJ4N/i7QlJqA3LNeM8nC4fCenU21H5ZAwuhM//5l4D6FLLyFvsuhks8z34/s8V3IvYjGxSl5cZnlL9pbMFDlFFb8dQ5Y6ZIDVvvztzUss+1IxXT+kkQZP7nEKU+dkTukWu4hgdtp1N1qdf++JA6FYYXtU4nURlGuXa4HEA+aw== root@linux216.example.com
ssh-rsa AAAAB3NzaC1yc2EAAAABIwAAAQEAqEmsezj/jz/qF6Y6X60Y6VsPNAnaPv1AUrrYhyADLYjR4RufgS/O/t6EiEBf8asae7qwtWE1NMn+cAQFGIVzUyA2xkgQz+LMS9TQGjJLIVPQzY4C1UF6rd49TFCyt1lhO+uMpqLQ7MjpY0WZOtUO9aQOIEnOtKdSnoQP2ggMDs4UjI8CQmVVHfKD/qB3UphecO9D7RwHnvBpcQKs4LqquzeSRDlcBszsPDOh2AFbUTzNPyW5/UPCI7mErhxu9xnhXyBBeG6ZG4vVcnIyZ6EiILiTCwtfE0otyZT+Y8ynBT2idE5SNG18et1RQ/xjXpaXnKcH6nDIuZPT5Td+yHzzAw== root@linux217.example.com
ssh-rsa AAAAB3NzaC1yc2EAAAABIwAAAQEAln/JssvWvvN4YPWUf62H5WTevTl1GdpfYnFYig3UTKXPk+4LHI7OIPFL1cqZuAzoIQFr76rqJO2WXx9aA4crcS0FWodvK6DuMK9Id4MqIUKZKrHXTRVxVE+717qTLow7RkbOmCXYIQruEqJQH1zsKfS+iXqI3/rEoV17s7uZId3L/0L6k+axuRFi/2nb+O0+6oQAK7seQVXZ4M9oZYDzzFC+HhGf1Hk/IOnRNTjkrO3Oy6bXg+spDNzHvm0J6k4UJUuQsYEYYkzztJLxk1lTXU+3hGCGPOTC2kolptDv2vU7OVPpWgV0iGCrVOD8eG5R6msRXOsrPqk5hZ3HnyrlIw== root@linux218.example.com
ssh-rsa AAAAB3NzaC1yc2EAAAABIwAAAQEAxmkv76UB2EK2qDx02rtL9e8Y2sQp/vdr8A76OZCyUj5FWvI+qAyAwHoFUi8xJVflv0UVGLzaBRHeGVaPgdK5dlbUkftS/rWUSRCiBWY5vE56O+r1myJnwrR4MkA2e4W88P0thBArdACO4xyMu2hBy2nOQkxBjrpUn02/o+Yr2Za7KTYgLswQNY6Ov2tUQScZyAzizkTvjhx27mWKVdSaVd2k0CwLUWLbYCz215R/YBMbjbHYN82Drl8pDj33m21N6WS8H6t+87XwF/EE2cm0hGyzXRhF2iS3D6gwtYWtMRi+WQaSFWNYKxeOM1fGcF0wQ4UkXQkirW2ARbwwCjKwMw== root@linux219.example.com
ssh-rsa AAAAB3NzaC1yc2EAAAABIwAAAQEAr+XkmiZQv3r/z6hYgwcIWZNUWm27uRmBa+rLDQJFiFvhujXLw3TJG1XgRspB8yLKY53VVzikanlL+kvJGoYU1rDAomp8kk+dSzcOGAn3uSwJiCNjuGfPa3rlsQ4tH2JIn014qkxXeQWJ3ScMHUVGkLCsoH0EhFW1WsLJxCI4I52SAo13NUMUn7dd6z8v5Cw4TbHf0P89V16xSPO5TbvdagE8fxEHdiwWiCpVbsMGzMlh1E0fxcjAW6sX+hNhRdKhqm214UDFsFMbN6wHn9IUaONYPqyCEash1WTCemHp5QLAYei3i5YBBaLVahDTaIoC2ApBu3b3UoNJh940A1yZ6Q== root@linux220.example.com
ssh-rsa AAAAB3NzaC1yc2EAAAABIwAAAQEA26A+DPUo2A2h28/iuWD7Ia892d5jqnPNOdXxyde0UnVqQzWstH2aUonDZkbMDycCIMu3ZhfAzU6Fr1jLGcpnYSljGdVxyHAGi9cYqSf722uvTFkrT2lqYGnl3hqgUIYzNsnv09984Pptd63P4ffTTwacm38brB+IWueUbuJzMRVGDLKR6PA9AAfadN9/bRJ4rl4FeLj/eu9GKYqUxcBhrWpsA3gFIF6eti6WQzdyBYSHFCvcKOO64ZnoXFGG9yRpwH26VkVuukMxDdPuZB8mXDrtjhwvWQbw0mqqrApEqYz6E9s+GO9W4oAuHALiWNrhaHjDXpZ8gzm9UXlZhlhOHw== root@linux222.example.com
ssh-rsa AAAAB3NzaC1yc2EAAAABIwAAAQEAplJluWti16B68pwgxFeeks3vJD9nz+FFxBeqNSxKynZUpf+htGF42yN0HF3RoR3DofHUHGo41aTspPJh19+Xirdb1XqfudJg2hq2W4nH9QkU9/4SaRqG/QGEugjwWw3DpgVjeLzEoPs9vt5ajddazOYbcJ4TCIYWlOVeuYNlLrynSMh9llLcJLd3UXxzyEzUH6QuUYrqTlzOojrQ5z5W9KixZmgWOVAFZgBBy0xmc64KCDVepD+J80ibQx8dPIgdTfg5N4JoVSDCoKpg9Ig7FVc555j+PPDzo2Ig4dZVf6Fat8QK7Xauhh2TnBU5cKYAOfzmUBKgvvh69u9x1H3smw== root@linux224.example.com
ssh-rsa AAAAB3NzaC1yc2EAAAABIwAAAQEA0OvNGYTphqxqxoMoSKkVtVJSpt5V1xWnMVR0enOneLR58bQjmnamueSdoqFhQ+470Uh0yu9n44FaqXNH97jrJrXqaRqk+OvS/9eia4sChPwM+B9RaCzwO77MKjl7BJwglQslqd5EeWsf7AUGR2zastDybMJVIQokUuzDJYmVv/ZID3l/8P3A9YnDmVABwkoMIKL8B7snsF6qjokb3Hjc3nx9ngpS8qXMD4QLh9nFr5X8YWfSAfRKz3rY40V2xZqry593BsNY77Mx4OXmJMELyQ6DrohZe8EQdZCuiXAN2GUPPrIYhtJlpYORhrPJvjPOkgD1lBryeZe391jgZdWb6w== root@linux225.example.com
ssh-rsa AAAAB3NzaC1yc2EAAAABIwAAAQEAyir2TBIVp+AF6b9Mpm5Vob72Dkqsf6VAf7/yd+pGtYvTAFN2KSsKJ82LAYh/SMdsL+kKirQcHJ4EBz/LjA2VtASXcM1X5aCDblcbZpIvSWx1oaaX4o1xWInHBZ4O5R6zUIqJ/hing+sYKyhYIXdW80csG8ZNl6CZR1Rli7879hmFOdisU8ufikuVek+GNrq2dKfqlOb2+Nma9dgIaT3m0JFxaBK207kT3AAz77L9mNUNEUQY4XW1adpqj5M5OR4iPuxRn3zh71rpIXkvKdG+D/+1iEkBqpGB0kE9q/LOdjH0+kEx7C0Jam76r4xNhB8GHKdLaUljs2AfMQODyVQQjQ== root@linux227.example.com
ssh-rsa AAAAB3NzaC1yc2EAAAABIwAAAQEA0GdykYm8/tMy2rVTc7ELbXDEznbasK15j7RO9dupFfoY9xfmrDWfivLOgfeIJu5nMFVGjgWBuEtWih6SeWwfK9Tshw3VdQpCwkGkgpVRl/NHSci7I14mpd33WtxX0qbGpdwedi0JqyKmcGLJ+qcThZ+y1W01g/1mGDS3BSVXe4wklwzdJd4X/UKVu9SmCiijEJLwUaSdVSkAqG4/3Od0FUihke/Wn5jPIBN5GZsKESsZMMgbZUq/X1jdNzeXjNOAQpfMTjBQBm7OynW1xRMWh2RMrKw4bBdfsMly2WMm+RD5nVad6dN4BtmtpJWXk83qsAAgjIm8+X9md+lZYE14Gw== root@linux228.example.com
[root@linux220 ~/.ssh]# ssh 172.16.9.252 hostname
linux252.example.com
[root@linux220 ~/.ssh]# ssh 172.16.9.252 cat /etc/hosts
# Do not remove the following line, or various programs
# that require network functionality will fail.
127.0.0.1 localhost.localdomain localhost
::1 localhost6.localdomain6 localhost6
172.16.9.252 linux252.example.com linux252
#
# Test OS
#
#172.16.9.50 linux50.example.com linux50
# Test OS
#
#172.16.9.50 linux50.example.com linux50
#
# (1) Server Hosting List
#
#172.16.9.200 linux200.example.com linux200
#172.16.9.201 linux201.example.com linux201
#172.16.9.202 linux202.example.com linux202
#172.16.9.203 linux203.example.com linux203
#172.16.9.204 linux204.example.com linux204
#172.16.9.205 linux205.example.com linux205
#172.16.9.206 linux206.example.com linux206
#172.16.9.207 linux207.example.com linux207
#172.16.9.208 linux208.example.com linux208
#172.16.9.209 linux209.example.com linux209
#172.16.9.210 linux210.example.com linux210
#172.16.9.211 linux211.example.com linux211
#172.16.9.212 linux212.example.com linux212
#172.16.9.213 linux213.example.com linux213
#172.16.9.214 linux214.example.com linux214
#172.16.9.215 linux215.example.com linux215
#172.16.9.216 linux216.example.com linux216
#172.16.9.217 linux217.example.com linux217
#172.16.9.218 linux218.example.com linux218
#172.16.9.219 linux219.example.com linux219
#172.16.9.220 linux220.example.com linux220
#172.16.9.221 linux221.example.com linux221
#172.16.9.222 linux222.example.com linux222
#172.16.9.223 linux223.example.com linux223
#172.16.9.224 linux224.example.com linux224
#172.16.9.225 linux225.example.com linux225
#172.16.9.226 linux226.example.com linux226
#172.16.9.227 linux227.example.com linux227
#172.16.9.228 linux228.example.com linux228
#172.16.9.229 linux229.example.com linux229
#172.16.9.230 linux230.example.com linux230
#172.16.1.200 linux200.example.com linux200
# (1) Server Hosting List
#
#172.16.9.200 linux200.example.com linux200
#172.16.9.201 linux201.example.com linux201
#172.16.9.202 linux202.example.com linux202
#172.16.9.203 linux203.example.com linux203
#172.16.9.204 linux204.example.com linux204
#172.16.9.205 linux205.example.com linux205
#172.16.9.206 linux206.example.com linux206
#172.16.9.207 linux207.example.com linux207
#172.16.9.208 linux208.example.com linux208
#172.16.9.209 linux209.example.com linux209
#172.16.9.210 linux210.example.com linux210
#172.16.9.211 linux211.example.com linux211
#172.16.9.212 linux212.example.com linux212
#172.16.9.213 linux213.example.com linux213
#172.16.9.214 linux214.example.com linux214
#172.16.9.215 linux215.example.com linux215
#172.16.9.216 linux216.example.com linux216
#172.16.9.217 linux217.example.com linux217
#172.16.9.218 linux218.example.com linux218
#172.16.9.219 linux219.example.com linux219
#172.16.9.220 linux220.example.com linux220
#172.16.9.221 linux221.example.com linux221
#172.16.9.222 linux222.example.com linux222
#172.16.9.223 linux223.example.com linux223
#172.16.9.224 linux224.example.com linux224
#172.16.9.225 linux225.example.com linux225
#172.16.9.226 linux226.example.com linux226
#172.16.9.227 linux227.example.com linux227
#172.16.9.228 linux228.example.com linux228
#172.16.9.229 linux229.example.com linux229
#172.16.9.230 linux230.example.com linux230
#172.16.1.200 linux200.example.com linux200
#
# (2) Working Host
#
172.16.9.249 linux249.example.com linux249
# (2) Working Host
#
172.16.9.249 linux249.example.com linux249
#
# (3) NFS Test
#
#172.16.9.239 ibmaix239 ibmaix239.example.com
#172.16.9.249 solaris249 solaris249.example.com
# (3) NFS Test
#
#172.16.9.239 ibmaix239 ibmaix239.example.com
#172.16.9.249 solaris249 solaris249.example.com
[root@linux220 ~/.ssh]# ls
id_rsa id_rsa.pub known_hosts
[root@linux220 ~/.ssh]# mv id_rsa.pub authorized_keys
[root@linux220 ~/.ssh]# ssh 172.16.6.220 hostname
The authenticity of host '172.16.6.220 (172.16.6.220)' can't be established.
RSA key fingerprint is 54:29:83:45:01:48:8a:3f:a9:49:5c:59:a8:4c:b1:93.
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)?
[root@linux220 ~/.ssh]# ssh 172.16.6.220 ifconfig
The authenticity of host '172.16.6.220 (172.16.6.220)' can't be established.
RSA key fingerprint is 54:29:83:45:01:48:8a:3f:a9:49:5c:59:a8:4c:b1:93.
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)?
왜 또 키를 받으라고 하는걸까??
known_hosts 값을 비우고 나니 252에 접속할때 또 키를 받으라고 함
뭐가 문젤까?
---->> 내가 이해를 잘못한 문제
키는 새로 받지만 암호입력없이 들어갈수 있게 하는것이었다!!
[root@linux220 ~/.ssh]# ssh 172.16.9.252 hostname
The authenticity of host '172.16.9.252 (172.16.9.252)' can't be established.
RSA key fingerprint is e2:f0:f8:a2:47:3b:b4:7c:ae:65:38:0e:31:bf:1f:84.
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes
Warning: Permanently added '172.16.9.252' (RSA) to the list of known hosts.
linux252.example.com
The authenticity of host '172.16.9.252 (172.16.9.252)' can't be established.
RSA key fingerprint is e2:f0:f8:a2:47:3b:b4:7c:ae:65:38:0e:31:bf:1f:84.
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes
Warning: Permanently added '172.16.9.252' (RSA) to the list of known hosts.
linux252.example.com
[root@linux220 ~/.ssh]# ssh 172.16.6.220 hostname
The authenticity of host '172.16.6.220 (172.16.6.220)' can't be established.
RSA key fingerprint is 54:29:83:45:01:48:8a:3f:a9:49:5c:59:a8:4c:b1:93.
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes
Warning: Permanently added '172.16.6.220' (RSA) to the list of known hosts.
|---> ~/.bashrc read
|---> /etc/bashrc read
linux220.example.com
[root@linux220 ~/.ssh]# ssh 172.16.6.220 ifconfig
|---> ~/.bashrc read
|---> /etc/bashrc read
eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:0C:29:1F:D6:BF
inet addr:172.16.6.220 Bcast:172.16.255.255 Mask:255.255.0.0
inet6 addr: fec0:1234::20c:29ff:fe1f:d6bf/64 Scope:Site
inet6 addr: fe80::20c:29ff:fe1f:d6bf/64 Scope:Link
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:254383 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:19338 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
RX bytes:58422053 (55.7 MiB) TX bytes:8444881 (8.0 MiB)
Interrupt:67 Base address:0x2024
The authenticity of host '172.16.6.220 (172.16.6.220)' can't be established.
RSA key fingerprint is 54:29:83:45:01:48:8a:3f:a9:49:5c:59:a8:4c:b1:93.
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes
Warning: Permanently added '172.16.6.220' (RSA) to the list of known hosts.
|---> ~/.bashrc read
|---> /etc/bashrc read
linux220.example.com
[root@linux220 ~/.ssh]# ssh 172.16.6.220 ifconfig
|---> ~/.bashrc read
|---> /etc/bashrc read
eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:0C:29:1F:D6:BF
inet addr:172.16.6.220 Bcast:172.16.255.255 Mask:255.255.0.0
inet6 addr: fec0:1234::20c:29ff:fe1f:d6bf/64 Scope:Site
inet6 addr: fe80::20c:29ff:fe1f:d6bf/64 Scope:Link
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:254383 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:19338 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
RX bytes:58422053 (55.7 MiB) TX bytes:8444881 (8.0 MiB)
Interrupt:67 Base address:0x2024
lo Link encap:Local Loopback
inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0
inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host
UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1
RX packets:1487 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:1487 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:0
RX bytes:2317725 (2.2 MiB) TX bytes:2317725 (2.2 MiB)
inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0
inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host
UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1
RX packets:1487 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:1487 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:0
RX bytes:2317725 (2.2 MiB) TX bytes:2317725 (2.2 MiB)
기초 끝.
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